从幕末改革到明治维新:连续性与变异性的互动

From the Bakumatsu Reforms to the Meiji Ishin:The Interaction between Continuity and Variability

1854年-1867年,日本幕府接连推行安政、文久、庆应等三次改革。改革的基本内容为协调幕府与天皇朝廷、诸藩大名之间的关系,建立近代陆海军、引进和制造欧美式的枪炮舰船、开办欧式军事学校、培养欧美式外交和军事人才,力图摆脱落后,走向世界。1868年明治政府成立后,武力推翻幕府,建立中央集权体制,开展了更大规模的近代化改革,日本决定性地走上资本主义道路。不难看出,明治维新近代化基本国策,源自开港后的幕末改革,反映了历史进程中的连续性。但是,在改革总纲、对待不平等条约的态度和建立中央集权体制等方面,明治维新又不同于幕末改革,体现了历史进程的变异性。其原因,在于倒幕运动与维新运动存在着国际背景、近代化进程和人脉机缘上的历史逻辑。

From 1854 to 1867,the Japanese Bakufu promoted a series of Bakumatsu reforms,namely,Ansei,Benkyu,and Keio,aiming to end underdevelopment and isolation.These reforms mainly involved the foundation of European-style military academies as well as the modernization of armed forces,the training of qualified diplomats and military personnels,the import and manufacture of western weaponry,and the coordination among the Bakufu,the Tenno and Daimyos.In 1868,the Boshin War broke out.Following the collapse of the Bakufu and the formation of the Meiji government,the Meiji Ishin expanded its modernization efforts with the establishment of a centralized political system and with the introduction of capitalism.In general,the Japanese modernization reforms demonstrate both continuity and variability.On the one hand,originated from the Bakumatsu reforms,the Meiji Ishin shared a similar basic state policy on modernization.On the other hand,the change of the guiding principle of modernization,the different attitude toward the unequal treaties and the establishment of a centralized system also showed discontinuity and variability.This duality of continuity and variability may have resulted from the historical connections between the Tobakuundou and the Meiji Ishin in terms of the global political context,the modernizing process,and the interpersonal connections.