从《史记》到后世文献:叙事角度下的丝路外来植物引入者探源

The Origin of the Introduction of Exotic Plants from the Narrative Perspective Based on Historical Records and Later Documents

沿丝路而来的外来植物,其引入者为谁的问题众说纷纭,目前的研究亦曾对此问题从文献的细致梳理角度做出探究,但细读《史记》《汉书》,从文本叙事角度入手,比对二者及其与后世其他文本的差异,可知其根本原因,在于史书叙写漫长的引入过程这一大事件时,又选入多个重要的小事件,叙述语句中事件的执行者或发出者遂有多个,上承《史记》的《汉书》更是多用长句,以今天的叙事语法分析即多用复句,多用主语+谓语+主谓短语作宾语的句式,使一个长句中有两个或更多的主语,主语的纷繁,加之主语的转换会令阅读者产生错会,而文献转述、转引时,删减、省略部分句子成分,尤其是主语,更会制造出新的错误说法,并将此说法继续传播下去。于此可厘清丝路外来植物归属众多的问题。而史书无载的外来植物引入者,则在后世的杂记中被归为张骞,究其原因也与史书有载的外来植物引入者被误认作张骞有关。

There are many opinions on the introduction of exotic plants,and the current researcher has carefully combed the literature on this issue. However,perusing Historical Records and Hanshu,starting from the narrative angle,contrasting the differences between them and other texts of later generations,we can discover the root cause is there were many main figures who executed or issued the events in the narrative statements during the long introduction process of Historical Records. Hanshu,which inherited Historical Records,used more complex sentences,that is,the sentence pattern of＂subject 1＋predicate 1＋subject 2＋predicate 2＂,so that there are two or more subjects in a long sentence. The change and complexity of subject will cause readers make mistakes.When reporting or quoting documents,deleting or omitting some sentence elements,especially the subject,will even create new erroneous statements,and will continue to spread this statement,so we can clarify the numerous problems of the alien plants belonging to the silk road among different opinions. However,exotic plants introduced that were not recorded in the history books were classified as Zhang Qian in the miscellany of later generations. The reason was also related to the mistake of the introduction of alfalfa and grape that were recorded in the history books as Zhang Qian.