2014年全国汉族中小学生身体素质现况分析

Situation analysis of physical fitness among Chinese Han students in 2014

目的:分析2014年全国汉族中小学生身体素质情况,为开发制定有针对性的学生体育锻炼指导方案、提高学生体质健康水平提供依据。方法:选取2014年全国学生体质与健康调研中7~18岁汉族学生212 401名,测量身体素质相关指标,各项素质指标合格率依据《国家学生体质健康标准》(2014年修订)进行评价。应用多因素Logistic回归分析对男生引体向上和男、女生耐力跑指标进行影响因素分析。结果:2014年男生身体素质弱势项目为引体向上(合格率仅为18.7%)和耐力跑(合格率为76.6%),女生身体素质弱势项目为耐力跑(合格率为80.6%)。身体素质合格率地区间差异明显,浙江、江苏学生身体素质合格率相对较好。Logistic回归发现,城市学生(OR=0.67)、营养不良(OR=0.76)、超重(OR=0.32)和肥胖(OR=0.12)学生引体向上合格率更低,每天体育锻炼时间1 h及以上的学生引体向上合格率更高(OR=1.31)。耐力跑合格率影响因素与引体向上表现一致,此外,体育课设置充足的学生耐力跑合格率更高,而体育课经常或偶尔被"挤占"或"不上"的学生耐力跑合格率更低。结论:引体向上和耐力跑已经成为我国国家及省级层面中小学生身体素质弱势项目,在确保体育锻炼时间、保障体育课程设置和课时、改善学生营养的基础上,还应强化体育锻炼的合理设计,确保各个项目均衡发展,以促进学生身体素质全面发展。

Objective： To analyze the situation of physical fitness among Chinese Han students in2014,so as to develop the guideline of physical activity regarding to the targeted students and to provide bases for the improvements of students＇ physical fitness. Methods： Subjects were from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students＇ Constitution and Health（ CNSSCH）. In this survey,212 401 Han students aged 7-18 years participated and the measurement of physical fitness completed. The qualified rates of indicators regarding to physical fitness were evaluated based on ＂National Students Constitutional Health Standards＂（ 2014 revised edition）. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between the indicators of pull ups（ boys） and endurance run（ boys and girls） and influencing factors. Results： In2014,among the boys,the qualified rates of pull ups and endurance run were 18. 7% and 76. 6% respectively,while the qualified rate of endurance run was 80. 6% among the girls. These two indicators were the weak items of physical fitness among the Chinese Han students. There was regional difference in the qualified rates of physical fitness,and the students in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces had higher qualified rates. Logistic regression showed that the urban students（ OR = 0. 67）,the students with malnutrition（ OR = 0. 76）,overweight（ OR = 0. 32） or obesity（ OR = 0. 12） were less likely to be qualified to pull ups; the students who had physical activity more than 1 h per day（ OR = 1. 31） was more likely to be qualified to pull ups. The influencing factors of endurance run showed the similar pattern,in addition,the students with enough physical education（ PE） were more likely to be qualified to endurance run,while the students with ＂Squeeze＂or ＂no＂PE class were less likely to be qualified to endurance run.Conclusion： The pull ups and endurance run have become the weak items of the physical fitness among primary and secondary school students in our national and provincial levels. Based on ensuring physical exercise time and PE curriculum and class hours,as well as improving students＇ nutrition,we should also strengthen the rational design of physical exercise and ensure the balanced development of various items so as to improve the overall development of students＇ physical fitness.