天津市滨海新区湿地动态变化监测研究

A Study on Monitoring Dynamic Change of Wetland in Tianjin Binhai New Area

湿地是水域生态系统和陆地生态系统相互作用形成的独特区域,利用1985年~2012年历史遥感影像、地形图等资料提取了滨海新区湿地分布数据,在此基础上综合利用GIS技术和景观格局分析方法,对滨海新区的湿地变化特征及其变化驱动因素进行了分析。结果表明,1985年~1998年期间,滨海新区湿地总量变化微小,但各类湿地要素变化明显,永久性草本沼泽和水塘面积下降明显,而水产池塘面积大幅增加,其中永久性草本沼泽作为一种重要的湿地资源在此期间几乎消失殆尽,其各项景观指数波动剧烈;1998年~2006年间,滨海新区湿地面积略微下降,各类湿地要素面积无明显波动,其中滩涂面积虽无明显变化,但景观形态变化明显;2006年~2012年间,滨海新区湿地总量与各类湿地景观面积都呈现明显下降趋势,值得注意的是,这一时期滨海新区滩涂近乎消失。滨海新区在1985年~2012年间各景观类型所占比例逐渐趋于单一化,景观异质性减弱。研究表明,伴随着滨海新区经济社会的高速发展,人类活动是导致滨海新区湿地变化的主要因素。

Wetland is the unique area influenced by both water ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem. In this paper,we have extracted wetland information in Binhai New Area based on remote sensing images and topographic map during 1985-2012. By using the analyzing method on landscape pattern,the change and trends of Binhai New Area wetland were analyzed,and the driving forces behind these changes were discussed. Our results showed that the total area of wetland in Binhai New Area changed little,but the area of each wetland type changed obviously from 1985 to 1998.The area of permanent marshes and ponds decreased,and quaculture ponds increased rapidly. As one of the most important wetlands resources,permanent marshes almost disappeared during these thirteen years,and the landscape pattern indices of it changed a lot. From 1998 to 2006,both the total area of wetland and the area of each wetland type in Binhai New Area kept a relatively stable level,but the landscape pattern indices of shoaly land had an obvious change. From 2006 to 2012,the area of each wetland type decreased obviously except permanent rivers,water storage areas and permanent marshes.During this time,shoaly land in Binhai New Area almost disappeared. During the whole study period（ 1985-2012）,the diversity and the heterogeneity of whole wetland landscape showed a decreasing trend in Binhai New Area. With the development of social economy,human activities are major factors affecting changes of wetland in Binhai New Area.