何为方镇:方镇的特指、泛指与常指

What is Fangzhen:The Specific Reference,General Reference and Common Reference of Fangzhen

“方镇”是治史者耳熟能详的一个概念，但至今无人对这个概念本身做过令人信服的研究。钩稽史料可以发现，从魏晋开始，方镇（或藩镇）一词就广被使用，其涵义一般指藩维中央的地方实权人物或机构，至晚唐犹然。而唐后期方镇的涵义，具锋分析，有三种：“特指”节度使；“泛指”涵盖州刺电的所有地方实权派；“常指”直属于中央的府、州，既包括节度使、观察使等连帅大府，也包括中央直管的单州。并且，我们通常所指的方镇，其实是中央由上而下地看待地方的一个横截面。若要从下而上纵向地审视地方行政的层级，我们或许可以引进“都府”这一概念，从而将其与中央直管的单州I区别开来，以便更好地理解方镇。

Fangzhen （ ＂方镇＂ ） or fanzhen （ ＂藩镇＂ ） is a common concept in history, but so far no one succeeded in convincing others with the study of the concept itself. According to the historical data, we can find that from the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the word fangzhen or fanzhen was widely used, and the meaning of it generally referred to powerful people or institutions of the local government and the meaning of it lasted to the late Tang Dynasty. More concretely, there were three kinds of meaning： the specific reference is jiedushi （ ＂节度使＂ ）, which meant regional military governor; the general reference was all of the local authorities; and the common reference was those cantons （ ＂州＂ ） directly under the central government, which including not only jiedushi but also single canton. Moreover, what we ordinarily mean by fangzhen is the cross section central government view the local government from the top down, If we want to take a longitudinal look at the local administrative levels from bottom to top, we may introduce a concept of Dufu （ ＂都府＂ ）, then we could gain a better understanding offangzhen from distinguishing it from the single canton directly controlled by the central government.