萧伯纳、乔伊斯的流亡诗学与爱尔兰文学空间

Expanding Irish Literary Space:An Analysis of Shaw and Joyce’s Poetics of Exile

本文拟借鉴法国学者卡萨诺瓦在《文学的世界共和国》中所提出的文学空间说来分析萧伯纳、乔伊斯与爱尔兰文艺复兴和戏剧运动（1899-1939）的关系以及两位作家流亡海外的创作如何在追求艺术自治的同时又拓展了爱尔兰的文学空间。萧伯纳借助伦敦这一文化重镇的资源奠定其文学地位,他所创作的关于爱尔兰主题的唯一一本剧作《英国佬的另一座岛》（1904）同时颠覆英爱两方的刻板印象,其国际主义与费边主义思想超越了狭隘民族主义。萧伯纳非但没有被英国文学传统同化,反而对英国文学（特别是其戏剧和剧场发展）产生了积极影响,为英国所寻求建立的国家剧院创下典范。相比而言,乔伊斯在欧陆的流亡之路更为艰辛和彻底,发表的唯一一本剧作《流亡者》（1918）集中讨论流亡这一主题的心理、道德和意识形态层面,其中的流亡体验可以归入现代主义流亡意识的传统。《流亡者》之后的杰作《尤利西斯》在延续流亡意识后更体现出多元、协商的世界主义意识。《尤利西斯》在巴黎被经典化后,进入世界文学空间,也提升了爱尔兰文学的地位。萧伯纳与乔伊斯在海外的自我流亡拓展了爱尔兰的文学疆域,使其从都柏林延伸至伦敦和巴黎。爱尔兰文学空间因为叶芝、萧伯纳和乔伊斯的创作,从一开始形成就是都柏林、伦敦和巴黎三都并立的局面。

This paper aims to examine George Bernard Shaw＇s and James Joyce＇s relationships to Irish Literary Revival and Dramatic Movement（1890-1930） and their efforts to achieve literary autonomy. Pascale Casanova in her seminal work The World Republic of Letters proposed a world literary space, whose divisions and frontiers are relatively independent of political and linguistic borders. She devoted one chapter of her book ＂The Irish Paradigm＂to illustrate how a specific case should be reconstructed and how the examination of the Irish literary revival provides a paradigm for the generative model she elaborated on. According to Casanova, the Irish literary space, both geographic and aesthetic, spreads beyond the nation＇s borders like all other literary worlds on the periphery. Based on Casanova＇s model,this paper argues that both writers,through self-exiles to London,and Continental Europe,helped expand the Irish literary space significantly and that a more cosmopolitan perspective should be applied to examine their different strategies to assure their artistic freedom and autonomy.