莱纳·弗斯特规范的宽容理论研究

Research on Rainer Forst's Normative Theory of Toleration

弗斯特的宽容理论是从宽容的一般概念出发。他分析了构成宽容概念的"反对""接受"和"拒绝"三个要素,同时也看到该概念自身包含的两条界限和两个悖论。弗斯特认为,要建立一种规范的宽容理论必须要为宽容划定实质性的、规范的界限,并有说服力地解决悖论。他总结了政治语境中四种不同的宽容观,认为建立在"质的平等"基础上的宽容观最为恰当。在论证过程中,弗斯特首先用正义辩护的基本原则——互惠性与普遍性区分了具有绝对强制力的道德规范与多元的伦理价值观。接着,他阐释了宽容在不同辩护语境下的界限:依据互惠性和普遍性原则,对道德规范绝对服从,对多元伦理信仰及实践宽容。这种宽容既是正义的美德,也是理性的要求。最后,弗斯特用建立在互惠性与普遍性基础上互相尊重的宽容解决了宽容概念本身包含的悖论。

Forst's theory of toleration proceeds from the general concept of toleration. He analyses three elements of "objection""acceptance""rejection"which constitute the concept of toleration; meanwhile,he also realizes that the concept itself consists of two limits and two paradoxes. In order to construct a normative theory of toleration,Forst believes that it is necessary to draw the‘limits of toleration'in a substantive and normative way,and to resolve the paradoxes persuasively as well. He summarizes four conceptions of toleration in political discourse and holds the belief that the conception of toleration which is based on‘qualitative equality'is superior to the others. During the course of demonstration,firstly,Forst makes use of the fundamental principle of the justification of justice-the criteria of reciprocity and generality-to distinct moral norms with categorical force from multiple ethical values; then he illustrates the limits of toleration in different contexts that justify toleration: the absolute compliance to moral norms and the tolerance of multiple ethical beliefs or practices according to the criteria of reciprocity and generality. Such toleration is both a demand of reason and a virtue of justice. At last,Forst resolves the paradoxes that the concept of toleration itself entails by using the respect conception of toleration which is based on the criteria of reciprocity and generality.