老庄的丧祭思想——兼与儒家死亡哲学比较

Lao-Tzu and Chuang-Tzu's Thought on Funeral: A Comparative Philosophy of Death Between Taoism and Confucianism

面对死亡,老子主张处丧以哀、不限亲贵,祭祀以道、鬼神不祟;庄子主张处丧不哀、埋葬从简,鬼神殊途、祭祀无关。这与他们对生命和治国的不同认识有关。老子提倡"反杀"与"养生"、"无为"与"不言",认为"生死如一";庄子则指出应当安时处顺、哀乐不入,提倡"全生尽年""法天贵真"与"绝圣弃知"。老庄思想都强调人之生死顺应自然,个体要循道养生,以得享天命,统治者要循道治国,以顺应天命;也都批判以仁义礼制对待丧葬祭祀。儒道各自构建的理想社会有所不同,对待死亡和生命的处理方式也因此不同。二者作为中国传统文化中的主干思想,对于死亡哲学、生命伦理以及相关教育思想的建构和实践有所裨益。

Through the study about Lao-Tzu and Chuang-Tzu's thought on the funeral,it is known that in the face of death,Lao-Tzu's sorrow is not limited to relatives and noble people,and his idea on sacrifice does not worship ghosts and gods. Chuang-Tzu advocated not to be sorrow,simplifyburial ritual,and sacrifices are immaterial.Both views are related to their different understanding of life and the rule of the state. Because of opposing killing life and violence,Lao-Tzu hated weapons and opposed war,advocated "anti-killing" and "health preserving","inaction" and "no words". Because of opposing the secular false display of affection,Lao-Tzu think that "life is essentially the same as death". Chuang-Tzu pointed out that we should calmly face life and death,protect life and learnfrom nature. Their thoughts are different,but both emphasize following the Tao so that one may enjoy destiny and govern country. For this reason,they are both classified as Taoism. They criticized ritual system to settle funeral,self-cultivation and state governance. Therefore,the death theory of Taoism is more comparable to Confucianism. The turbulent background of the timesgave birth to philosophical thinking about death,but their arguments based on the different social ideals. Their ways to treat life and death are very different,which also determined their development and fate in future generations. But since the two main ideas of traditional culture cannot be replaced,they both benefit the contemporary construction practices such as educational ideas,philosophy of death and bioethics.