生活、表达与理解之关联-晚期狄尔泰对精神科学的诠释学奠基

Context Between Life, Expression and Understanding: The Hermeneutical Foundation of the Human Science in Late Dilthey

晚期狄尔泰的哲学主题乃是对精神科学的诠释学奠基,这一规划尤其体现在狄尔泰1900年的《诠释学的诞生》和1910年的《历史世界在精神科学中的建构》之中。在《诠释学的诞生》的导论和补充部分,业已出现了将诠释学从某种技术手段转换为某种哲学规划的尝试,亦即探讨对生活表达之理解的结构与特征,但诠释学在此仍然是对持久固定的文本的解释和阐释。这一诠释学奠基方案在1910年达到了高峰。在《历史世界在精神科学中的建构》中,狄尔泰详尽阐释了自然科学与精神科学的区别,阐发了精神科学的独特结构,亦即生活、表达与理解之关联,最终落脚于客观精神和效果关联。客观精神是人类生存于其中的超个体的文化世界,使人们对他人的理解得以可能,保证了理解的客观性;效果关联则刻画出精神世界的根本特征,它塑造了客观精神,使其成为精神科学的对象。只有在此基础上,对精神科学的诠释学奠基才是可能的。

The philosophical thesis in late Dilthey is the hermeneutical foundation of the human science. This plan is particularly reflected in Dilthey's "Die Entstehung der Hermeneutik"in 1900 and "Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften"in 1910. In the introduction and supplement of "Die Entstehung der Hermeneutik",there has been an attempt to convert hermeneutics from a certain technical means to a certain philosophical program,that is,to explore the structure and characteristics of the understanding of expression of life,but the hermeneutics is still the interpretation of continual fixed texts. This hermeneutical program reached a peak in 1910. In Der Aufbau der geschichtlichen Welt in den Geisteswissenschaften,Dilthey explained in detail the difference between natural science and human science,and expounded the unique structure of human science,which is the context between life,expression and understanding,and finally settled on the objective spirit and productive nexus. The objective spirit is the superindividual,cultural world in which we live,makes it possible to understand others and to ensure the objectivity of understanding. The productive nexus portrays the fundamental characteristics of the spiritual world. It shapes the objective spirit and makes it the object of human science. Only on this basis is it possible to lay the hermeneutical foundation of the human science.