技术性贸易壁垒的保护因素解析——从理论流派到WTO规则

Protective Factors against Technical Barriers to Trade:From Theoretic Schools to WTO Rules

技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是当今国际贸易壁垒的主体,其理论基础是贸易保护理论。但贸易保护理论流派众多,各种理论对各国设置TBT的决策有不同的影响力。根据是否符合WTO规则,可以将TBT分为合法TBT、非法TBT。合法TBT的理论基础是国家安全论、市场失灵论,但是也有可能在合法名义下设置非法TBT。无论非法TBT还是合法TBT,都包含着一定的贸易保护因素。合法TBT旨在实现五大合法目标,但同时具有保护进口竞争部门的副作用。非法TBT旨在保护进口竞争部门,但假借实现五大合法目标的名义。这两种法律属性相反的贸易保护因素,是造成TBT贸易效应不确定性的主要原因。

Technical barriers to trade （TBT） are the main body of contemporary international trade barriers. The theoretic foundation of TBT is trade protection theories classified into the many schools which in turn have different effects on the decision-making of TBT setting in every country. In light of WTO rules, there is a division of legal and illegal TBT. The theoretic fundation of the %rmer is the national security the- ory and the market failure theory, but sometimes some countries may set illegal TBTs in a legal name. Whether legal or illegal, TBT is characteristic of trade protection. While legal TBT aims to realize the five legal objectives with side-effects of protecting the importing sector against competition at the same time, illegal TBT is designed to protect the said sector from competition in the name of realizing these objectives. Such two kinds of trade protective factors, opposite in law property, account mainly %r the uncertainty of the trade effect of TBT.