美国海岸警卫队职能属性的演变及其制度优势

The Evolvement History of USCG's Functions and Its Institutional Advantages

为研究美国海洋战略实施、海上力量建设和海岸警卫队发展趋势,文章系统梳理和归纳分析美国海岸警卫队职能属性的演变及其制度优势。研究结果表明:美国海岸警卫队的发展经历"警"的单一职能属性、"军"的职能属性强化以及在"警"和"军"之间职能属性不断转换3个阶段,每个阶段都有不同的背景和变化,但具有3个主要特点,即重大事件可能引发海岸警卫队职能属性的重要转变、海岸警卫队的职能属性与国家战略相关但不完全同步以及"军"和"警"一体化发展;由此体现出美国海岸警卫队制度的3大优势,即建立统一的海上执法机构并明确权责、充分发挥海岸警卫队执行近海任务的职能以及海岸警卫队具有高度机动性和灵活性。

In order to evaluate the implementation of America＇s maritime strategies and the evol ving trend of United States Coast Guard （USCG）,this paper invest of USCG＇s functions and its institutional advantages.The developing gate hist d the evolvement history orv of the USCG was d vided into three phrases：l.It only belonged to the nature of constabulary force;2.It belonged to the nature of military force;3. Its nature changed between the two forces. Three characteristics were figured out in the course of functional transition：l.Major emergencies might lead to cant change of the USCG＇s functions;2.The changes in the functions were related to the slg US na tional strategy, but not completely synchronized ; 3. The integration of the USCG＇s constabulary and military natures.Finally,three advantages of the USCG were summarized： l.the integration of ts maritime law enforcement agencies and clear responsibilities;2.the full play to the USCG＇sfunctions to perform offshore missions;3.its high mobility and flexibility.