论苏格兰启蒙学派对机械论自然观的超越

On the Transcendence of Mechanistic Natural Viewpoint Made by Scotland Enlightenment School

英国经验主义在早期发展阶段提出了机械论自然观。随着这种哲学理论不断向纵深发展,机械论自然观在这种哲学内部受到了苏格兰启蒙学派思想家们的批评。以此为基础,苏格兰启蒙学派的思想家们从审美、道德与社会三个方向超越了机械论自然观。这种超越具有双重意义:一方面,它推动经验主义哲学不断深化对"人"的认知,以新的自然观为基础促进了人的解放与社会的发展;另一方面,由于无法解决财富与美德的矛盾,这种超越暗含了内在的理论缺陷,并由此给后来者提出了一个严峻的理论挑战。

British empiricism proposed the Mechanistic natural viewpoint in its early stage. However, with the development of the empiricism, the Mechanistic natural viewpoint has been criticized by the thinkers of Scotland Enlightenment School. In this sense, we find that the thinkers of Scotland Enlightenment School transcend the mechanistic natural viewpoint from the perspective of aesthetics, morality and sociology. This kind of transcendence shows two consequences： one is that it accelerates the emancipation of human being and social development; Another is that the transcendence implies the contradiction of virtue and wealth which constitutes theoretical challenge which has to be faced by the thinkers of Scotland Enlightenment School.