我国农村人口的就业概况及性别代际差异研究——基于2016年全国22省1095份调查数据

A Study on the Overall Situation of Rural Population Employment and the Differences of Gender and Generation in China——Based on 1095 Samples from 22 Provinces in 2016

为强调农村人口就业的主体性存在,文章将"进城、返乡、留守""务工、务农"等不同就业属地和产业类型都囊括进来,以了解我国农村人口的整体就业状态。通过卡方检验、皮尔逊相关分析和Logistic回归模型分析,发现农村人口的就业选择体现出明显的性别和代际差异。性别和年龄中的弱势群体在家务农比例更高,即使外出,也多就近就业,且拥有较低的外出务工工资。排除其他因素的混杂作用后,男性外出务工的可能性是女性的2.03倍,年龄每增加1岁外出务工的可能性则减少7.4%,且跟受教育程度无关。尽管农村人口就业的性别和代际差异是家庭内部根据市场经济原则做出的理性选择,但是在我国市场经济资本积累的过程中存在着性别剥削和代际剥削。因此,国家政策法规需要对劳动力市场的扭曲价格进行强干预,用公民社会的文化影响力打破这种结构性桎梏,以实现农村人口就业的自由流动。

To emphasize the subjectivity of the rural population employment. this paper integrates＂into the city,back home or left behind＂,and ＂workers or farmers＂and other different employment locations and industry types,so as to understand the overall situation of rural population employment. Through Chi-square test,Pearson correlation analysis and Logistic regression model analysis,the paper finds that rural population employment choice presents obvious differences between gender and generation. The vulnerable groups in the gender and generation share higher percentages in farming at home. Even though they go out of their villages to find jobs,the locations are closer to their hometowns with lower wages. Excluding the confounding effects of other factors,the odds of male migrant workers are 2. 03 times than women,and the odds of going outside to work are reduced by 7. 4% for one year older,regardless of education. Although the gender and generation differences of rural population employment are the rational choice made by the family according to the principle of market economy,there is no denying the existence of gender and intergenerational exploitation in the process of capital accumulation in China＇s market. Either the strong intervention from the state policies and regulations,or the cultural influence from civil society is needed to break the structural constraints to achieve the free flow of rural population employment.