清代东南四省卫所裁撤研究

The correlation between dissolution of Wei-suo(卫所)and social changes in four provinces southeastern in China during Qing dynasty

东南四省清初有57卫123所,康熙末有21卫41所,而雍正末只有8卫7所,至光绪二十八年(1902年),这一地区已无卫所存在。就卫所裁撤的省域次序看,康熙五年(1666年)福建卫所全部裁撤,而迟至康熙二十二年(1683年),广西境内已无卫所,到乾隆三年(1737年),广东卫所亦荡然无存。与上述三省不同的是,浙江境内卫所虽持续减少,但该省卫所因承担漕运职能,一直延续到光绪二十八年(1902年)。清代东南四省卫所的裁撤主要由于明清易代、军事制度变化、卫所武官素质低下,其裁改归并的形式多种多样,既有卫所之间的归并,也有卫所与州县之间的归并,还有裁改为新县者。卫所与卫所,卫所与州县之间的裁改归并引发的社会变动有屯田归并、卫学裁撤、司法功能的替代和相关法律条文的修改等。

In early Qing dynasty,57 Wei and 123 Suo were registered in four southeastern provinces. The num-bers decreased to 21 Wei and 41 Suo at the end of the Kangxi Era,and further to 8 Wei and 7 Suo in the last years of the Yongzheng era. Finally in 1902, these military organizations completely disappeared in the region. In terms of the sequence of Wei - suo dissolution across provinces, all Wei - suo were canceled in Fujian province in 1666, joined by Guangxi province in 1683. In 1737, the guard posts in Guangdong were also completely dismissed. Zhe-jiang had a different story. Despite the decreasing number of Wei - suo there, their additional function of canal transportation ensured their continued existence until 1902. A number of factors contributed to the dissolution of Wei - suo in the four southeastern provinces in Qing dynasty. These include Qing ＊ s replacement of Ming, military system evolutions, and the poor quality of military officers. This dissolution had taken different forms, such as mer-ging between Wei - suo , combination of Wei - suo with prefectures and counties, and even direct transformation from Wei - Suos to new counties. Following the various forms of dissolution was the merging of militarily reclaimed farmland, dissolution of military schools, replacement of judicial functions, and the revision of associated legal pro-visions.