基于形态学的金钗、金钗石斛名实续考

Original materials of traditional Chinese medicinal names of "Jinchai" and "Jinchai Shihu" based on vegetative morphology

金钗石斛简称金钗,是复杂的石斛类药材中较早被明确记载的名称,可追溯至唐·卢道元之《太上肘后玉经方》,并被其后历代医药学家所推崇。形态学特征是中药命名的规律之一,该文从形态学角度,采用文献学、历史学、考古学和文字学等多学科证据,考证＂金钗＂＂金钗石斛＂植物基原。结果表明,＂单股为簪,双股为钗＂,金质发钗（金钗）具有2根钗股是其显著特征,钗股通常为圆柱形,中上部粗细均匀,钗脚渐尖。金质发钗由钗股和钗头2部分组成,钗股装饰简单,钗头样式较多。根据本草记载,＂金钗＂＂金钗石斛＂具有＂色黄如金、茎如钗股、无歧、旁枝如钗、股短中实＂的形态特点。通过10种石斛属植物形态对比结果表明,本草所述＂金钗＂＂金钗石斛＂的植物基原应为曲茎石斛Dendrobium flexicaule,而曲茎石斛独特的人字形生长特性可能是其被称为金钗的主要原因。同时,明代出现＂金钗花＂可能源于花钗钗头花朵装饰的缘故,即＂金钗＂＂金钗石斛＂源于钗股,＂金钗花＂源于钗头。

＂ Jinchai Shihu＂ were called Jinchai and recoded in ＂ Taishang Zhouhou Yujingfang＂ of Tang Dynasty,which first clearly documented the name of Shihu in complex Dendrobium medicines and were condiered as superior medicinal articles. Morphological features are one of the naming principles for Chinese medicines. In this paper,botanical origin plants under the names of ＂ Jinchai＂ and ＂ Jinchai Shihu＂ were investigated. Based on documents from the local Chronicles and historical accounts,the Chinese characters of Jinchai have the distinctive features of gold color and two hair clasps. Moreover,the hair clasps are usually cylindrical in shape with uniform thickness in middle and upper part,and tapers off to the foot. And its bottom part style is simple and head part is complex.Thus we speculated the herbal ＂ Jinchai＂ and ＂ Jinchai Shihu＂ should have similar morphologic features as Chinese characters of Jinchai,including golden color and hairpin shape of stems without braches,short and solid sterm. After comparing the dried vegetative morphology of 10 common medicinal Dendrobium species,we suggested that of Dendrobium flexicaule matches well with the morphological features from historical herbal records.