历史唯物主义视野下自由的进路——从波普尔批判的视角出发

Freedom from the Perspective of Historical Materialism:Starting from the Criticism of Proper

波普尔认为历史唯物主义是一种对历史规律进行预测的历史主义决定论,这是一种整体主义的社会工程,在其构建过程中,经济主义作为历史发展的基本线索,而作为上层建筑的精神生活和政治生活则被排除在历史视野之外。这样,历史的目的就是通过经济上的解放来实现"实质的自由",而现存世界的"形式的自由"就在历史主义决定论中被遮蔽和忽视。然而波普尔误解了历史唯物主义视野下的历史与自由的关系。马克思并不否认自由主义的形式的自由,他是从"人的全面解放"的意义上理解自由,他认为自由不能停留在形式上,也不能在精神中解决。我们应当从经济的现实出发,在历史的、实践的张力中趋向自由王国,实现"对人的本质的回归"。

Popper believes that historical materialism is a kind of historical determinism which forecasts the historical law.It is a holistic social engineering, which uses economics as the basic clue of historical development, and excludes the spiritual and political life as the superstructure from the historical view. In this way, the purpose of history is to realize substantive freedom through economic liberation, and the formal freedom in the existing world is being neglected in historical determinism. However, Popper misunderstands the relationship between history and freedom under the view of historical materialism. Marx did not deny the formal freedom of liberalism. He interpreted freedom as the comprehensive liberation of human. He believed that freedom should neither stay in form nor be solved in the spiritual domain.We should start to approach the kingdom of freedom in the tension between history and practice from the reality of economics, and realize the return of human essence.