考古发现的舌头琴与欧亚大陆东部的古代游牧文化

The Harmonica in Archaeological Discoveries and the Ancient Nomadic Culture in the Eastern Part of the Eurasian Continent

从匈奴人的莫林陶录盖墓地发掘出用骨头制作的舌头琴,这一直以来是从蒙古国境内发现的古代蒙古人在音乐文化方面的唯一的具体证据。德·策文道尔吉院士发现的这个古代乐器不仅是研究匈奴人的,而且是研究整个欧亚大陆古代游牧民乐器的起源和发展的重要资料。近年来,由于从游牧民文化领域发现了不少与上述的乐器类似的乐器,所以笔者感觉到,有必要重新思考这个问题。通过对欧亚大陆初期的游牧民或青铜器时期的匈奴人的墓葬的考察,重点描述了属于匈奴后期的蒙古、中国北方、内蒙古、图瓦和密努斯盆地的考古发掘的10个舌头琴。特别纠正了最初公布的研究者们对乐器功能的错误解释,如称它们为"骨头工具""纺织机的梭子"等等,阐明它们是在中亚和中国北方游牧文化中广泛流传的乐器。而观察已经发现的考古资料范围,最早的舌头琴是夏家店上层文化墓葬发掘的骨制琴,最晚的是从密努斯盆地萨合萨尔的墓葬发现的骨制琴。

In the archaeological discoveries of the tombs of early nomadic peoples or the Huns living in the bronze age in the Eurasian Continent, people unearthed 10 harmonicas which respectively belong to Mongolia, North China, Inner Mongolia, Tuva, and the Minus Basin in the post-Hun period. Earlier researchers believe they are “bone tools”, or “shuttles of the weaving machine”, etc. After meticulous inspection, they are believed to be widely popular musical instruments in the nomadic cultures of Central Asia and North China. Based on existing literature, the earliest harmonica is a bone harmonica unearthed from the top layer of a tomb of the Xiajiadian culture, and the latest is a bone harmonica unearthed from Sahsar, the Minus Basin.