新疆生产建设兵团第四师黑钙土土壤肥力特征与演化

The fertility characteristics and evolution of black soil in the fourth division of Xinjiang Production and construction corps

目的为了系统揭示长期耕作和施肥条件下新疆生产建设兵团农四师黑钙土土壤肥力特征与演化。方法本研究于2015年采集76和77团场耕层土壤,检测有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,并入户调查油菜和小麦施肥量,再结合1980-2014年农四师土壤养分和肥料施用量的历史资料和文献,进行对比分析。结果 1989-2014年农四师施肥量逐年上升,2014年氮、磷、钾肥及复合肥的施肥总量分别为165、99、35、127 kg/hm^2,比1989年提高了3.1、3.4、84.6、3.5倍;1984-2015年耕层土壤有机质和碱解氮含量明显下降,速效磷略有增加,速效钾2012年之前增加随后又降低。76和77团场耕层土壤有机质含量高(70-73 g/kg),碱解氮和速效磷含量中等(分别为121-130 mg/kg和13-19 mg/kg);速效钾含量丰富(389-481 mg/kg)。小麦平均施N和施P量分别为100-174 kg/hm^2和136-151 kg/hm^2,油菜平均施N和施P量分别为107-163 kg/hm^2和139-157 kg/hm^2,与当地平均水平相比,总体施N量偏低,施P量偏高,氮磷比例不平衡。结论本研究结果可为该区域合理耕层构建和农业可持续发展提供理论与技术支撑。

Objective To reveal the fertility characteristics and evolution of black soil under long-term cultivation and fertilization in the Fourth Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Methods in 2015, soil samples of the 76 th and 77 th Regiment were taken to measure soil organic matter, available N, available P and available K. The fertilization rate of rape and wheat were also investigated in this study. Data related with soil fertility and fertilization of the Fourth Division during 1980-2014 was collected from the relevant statistical information and published literatures. R esults during the year of1989-2014, the fertilization rate of the Fourth Division increased year by year; the application rate of N, P, K, and compound fertilizers was 165, 99, 35, and 127 kg/hm^2 in 2014, 3.1, 3.4, 84.6, and 3.5 times more than those in 1989, respectively. During1984-2015, the content of soil organic matter and available N in depths of 0-20 cm decreased rapidly year by year; available P increased slightly, and available K increased before 2012 and then decreased. The soil in depths of 0-20 cm from the 76 th and77 th regiment had high content of organic matter（70-73 g/kg）, medium content of available N and P（121 mg/kg and 13-19 mg/kg）, and rich content of available K（389-481 mg/kg）. The average N and P application rates for wheat were 100-174 kg/hm^2 and 136-151 kg/hm^2, respectively; for rape those were 107-163 kg/hm^2 and 139-157 kg/hm^2, respectively. Compared to average values of the region, the application rate of N was lower and P was higher, and the ratio of N and P input was unbalance.Conclusion This study could provide theoretical and technical basis for constructing reasonable cultivation layer and sustainable developing of agriculture in local place.