生物质炭对大田作物生长的影响研究进展

Research progress on effects of biochar on growth of different crops

生物质炭对不同农作物生长的影响存在差异性,总的来说施入一定生物质炭可以提高农作物产量、改善土壤理化性质;不仅对须根系农作物有增产效应,也对块根、块茎类作物增产效果明显;连续低剂量的施入对稳产、高产的效果高于高剂量;生物质炭与肥料混施能提高肥效的利用率、减少养分的淋失。也有个别反例存在。单独施用生物质炭对作物平均增产8%~15%,生物质炭混施能显著提高一些作物的产量。不同原料制备的生物质炭对作物增产效果存在一定差异。畜禽粪便的生物质炭28.3%~66.4%、木材12.1%~19.0%、作物秸杆类生物质炭2.6%~31.2%。生物质炭对不同作物类型的增产效果不同。果菜类增产28.6%~60.6%、豆类增产33.3%~79.5%。生物质炭不同施用量对作物增产效果不同。当施用量<10 t/hm^2时,作物增产18.0%~30.8%,当施用量在30~40 t/hm^2范围内增产效果较好,当施用量>60 t/hm^2后增产效果不显著。在300~650℃条件下制备的生物质炭对粮食作物和经济作物均有较好的增产效果。在匹配生物质炭特性、作物习性与土壤性质的前提下,适量适时施用合适的生物质炭可以达到降低成本、增加经济效益和保护环境的目的。

The effects of biochar on the growth of different crops is different. In general,a certain biochar can increase crop yield and improve soil physicochemical properties. It can not only increase the yield of crops with fibrous root system,but also the yield of crops with earthnuts and tubers. The effect of continuous application of low dosage biochar can make more stable production and higher yield than that of high dosage. The application of biochar and fertilizer together can increase the utilization rate of fertilizer efficiency and reduce the leaching of nutrients,whereas some individual counterexamples exist. The application of biochar alone can increase the average crop yield by8%～15%,biochar mixed with fertilizer can significantly increase the yield of some crops. The biochar produced by different raw materials has certain differences in increasing the crop yield,while biochar made from feces of livestock increasing crop yield by 28.3%～66.4%,that from wood by 12.1%～19.0% and that from crop straw biomass by2.6%～31.2%. The effects of biochar on crop yield are differed by crop types,while fruit and vegetable production has been increased by 28.6%～60.6% and that of legume by 33.3%～79.5%. The application amount of biochar has different effects on crop yield. When the dosage is less than 10 t/hm2,the yield of crop increases by 18.0%～30.8%,and the effect of increasing yield was better in the range of 30～40 t/hm2. The effect of increasing yield is not significant when the dosage is higher than 60 t/hm2. The biochar prepared at the temperature of 300～650℃ hasbetter yield increasing effect on both grain and cash crops. On the premise of matching the characteristics of biochar,crop habits and soil properties,proper application of biochar can reduce cost,increase economic benefits and also protect the environment.