中华“匠学”体系及其当代意义

Traditional Chinese Craft System and Its Contemporary Significance

文章指出中华民族有着极其伟大的"匠学"体系,这种体系既体现在自史前彩陶、石器、玉器至明清宫殿、园林的实践活动之中,也体现在自《周易》至清代与制器相关的著作之中。在大体上,又可以分为三大体系:价值论、方法论、哲学论。中华"匠学"体系对于当代的器物制作具有重要的参考意义,主要有"大匠营国"精神、"天工开物"的精神以及"庖丁解牛"的精神。这三大精神之中,大匠营国精神,重在制器的方向:强国富民,造福天下,这一精神可以概括为"善";"天工开物"精神,重在制器科学,既尊重自然规律,又张扬主体意识,实现人与自然的统一,这一精神可以概括为"真";"庖丁解牛"精神,重在制器美学,核心是创造的自由,这种自由是真与善相统一的产物。

The Chinese nation has an extremely great traditional craft system embodied in the practices of painted pottery, stone implement, jades making since the prehistoric period and the construction of palaces and gardens in Ming and Qing dynasty, and also reflected in the works of manufacturing from the time of the existence of Zhou Yi to Qing dynasty. By and large, it can be divided into three major systems： the axiology, the methodology and the philosophy. Traditional Chinese craft system has an important reference significance for contemporary manufacturing and utensil production, namely, three kinds of spirits, the spirit of great craftsmen participating in the building and management of their country, the spirit of manufacturing by the rule of nature and the spirit of skilled and magical craftsmanship. The first kind of spirit emphasizes ideas of manufacturing to make country prosperous, enrich people and benefit the whole world, which can be summed up as goodness. The second kind of spirit stresses the manufacturing science, which is not only respects the law of nature, but also carries forward the subjective awareness to achieve harmony between man and nature. Thus, this spirit can be summarized as truth. The third kind of spirit attaches importance to the aesthetic aspect of manufacturing, whose core is the freedom of creation, which is the product of truth and goodness.