自然之景与山水之境——中国传统居住环境设计美学

Natural Scene and Ideal Realm of Mountains and Waters: Design Aesthetics of Traditional Chinese Residence Environment

文章指出中国传统居住环境的设计思想和美学观念建立在中国人的哲学思想和世界观上。儒家把自然美与人的精神和道德情操联系起来,对传统居住环境设计美学产生了重要而深远的影响。道家对自然的认识从人与天地万物的同一中超越,获得了精神自由、心灵解放,影响了传统居住环境设计的美学判断。中国士人的退隐情结和隐居山林的生活理想,长久地存在于中国人的居住方式和居住文化中。中国的风水术十分吻合传统居住环境景观的美学理念,成为了居住环境设计的指导原则。传统的园林设计是中国人居住环境美学思想的物化,其审美意义甚至超过了居住的功能需求。传统居住环境的设计者把意与形、意与境融合在一起,从崇尚自然到寄情山水,从对自然情景的再现升华到山水的审美意境。与中国传统审美强调"神游""目想""妙悟"等一致,人们对传统的居住环境的审美,将个体主观的感性与客体的理性相融合,重视体验、领悟,从个体主观的悟性和社会群体认知的角度,去领会、感知环境和空间的美。

The design thought and aesthetic conception of traditional Chinese residence environment is established upon Chinese peopleg philosophical thought and world overview. Confucianist relates natural beauty to humang spirit and moralities, which has exerted an important and far - reaching impact upon the design aesthetics of traditional residence environment. Taoistg recognition of nature transcends the identity between human and heaven and earth, and gets spiritual freedom and an emancipation of soul, which influences the aesthetic judgement of traditional residence design. Reelusion complex and living ideal of being a hermit in mountains and forestry has long been existing in Chinese people＇s residence means and culture. Its aesthetic significance even exceeds the functional demands of residence. Designers of traditional residence environment relate meaning with form, meaning and ideal realm, and express their praise to nature and aesthetic ideal realm of mountains and waters. Consistent with traditional Chinese aesthetics that stresses ＂inner journey＂ ＂ sudden understanding＂ , peopleg aesthetics towards traditional residence environment integrates individual subjective sensation with objective rationality, and attaches importance to experience and comprehension, and understand and sense the beauty of environment and space from aspects of individual understanding and social group recognition.