吉林省玉米高产高效绿色发展的理论与实践

Theory and Practice for High Yield,High Efficiency and Green Development of Maize in Jilin Province

我国是世界上第一大粮食生产与消费国,确保粮食安全与农民增收始终是立国之本和为民之策。吉林省作为我国重要玉米主产省,单产水平和商品率稳居全国之首,在保障国家粮食安全方面占有举足轻重的地位。但长期追求高产导致农田重用轻养,造成耕层土壤"浅、薄、实、瘦"障碍加剧,养分供需矛盾凸显与群体质量差等问题交织并存,导致玉米稳产性差、资源效率低、环境风险加大。针对上述生产与技术问题,围绕"玉米高产群体质量提升、土壤肥沃耕层构建、养分与水分资源高效管理"开展了研究,在玉米丰产高效绿色栽培理论与关键技术方面均有较大发展与创新,构建了以"构建高密群体、创建肥沃耕层、调控肥水运筹"为核心、适于吉林省不同生态类型区的栽培技术模式3套,创建了玉米大面积丰产高效绿色生产技术体系,并在生产中示范推广应用,社会经济效益显著。通过对项目系统的梳理和总结,展望了今后适于集约规模化的技术模式再优化与科学评价、技术模式扩散途径构建以及应对全球气候变化的栽培技术途径方面的研究重点。

China has become the largest producer and consumer of food in the world,and ensuring food security and increasing farmers＇ income have always been the foundation of the country and the policy for the people. Jilin province is the primary producing area of maize in China,which achieves the highest yield level per unit and the highest commodity rate and thus plays an important role in ensuring national food security. However,the aggravated obstacles of being＂shallow,low in nutrient,compact,thin＂of subsoil,the prominent contradiction of nutrient supply and demand and the poor population quality have led to the instability in maize production,low resource efficiency and increased environmental risk,because of the long-term pursuit of high yield. The present study focused on＂high yield population quality improvement,fertile surface soil construction,efficient management of nutrient and water resources＂,and attained great development and innovation in the theories and key technologies related to high yield,high efficiency and green development for maize.Three cultivation technology patterns which centered ＂dense planting,fertile surface soil,reasonable water and fertilizer management＂were established,demonstrated,promoted and applied in production,and remarkable social and economic benefits were achieved. Re-optimization and scientific evaluation for intensive scale production technology in future,pathway construction of technology pattern diffusion,and the research emphasis of cultivation technology responded to the global climate change were also concluded.