飞行员风险知觉:概念、测量及研究理论取向

Pilots' Risk Perception: Conception, Measurement and Theoretical Orientation

风险知觉是飞行员进行正确风险管理的核心,对保证航空安全具有重要作用。本文首先对不同研究者对飞行员风险知觉的概念进行综述,又与传统的知觉和危险知觉进行了区分。其次,文章简明地介绍了飞行员风险知觉的测量方法,包括外显的主观评价法、飞行模拟器测验、内隐联想测验等方法,分析各种方法的内容与其优缺点。最后,本文分别从认知理论取向和组织文化理论取向两个方面来探讨飞行员风险知觉的研究,并针对两种理论取向,提出相应的未来研究方向。

In modern aviation, risk management is a prerequisite skill for pilots due to the nature of aviation activity. The perception of risk is the key component of risk management, and has a vital impact on flight safety. In addition, the pilots＇ risk perception can effectively predict the involvement of flight accidents and safe operation.Firstly, some researchers proposed that the risk perception was the recognition of risk inherent in a situation, and risk perception might be mediated by characteristics of different situations and different individuals. Some studies proposed that the risk perception was essentially a cognitive activity, which identified the inherent risk in various situations, including accurate external circumstances and the difference of personal abilities. In addition, the risk perception of pilots was different from the general perception and hazard perception of drivers.Secondly, this study introduced the measures of evaluating risk perception of pilots, which included the explicit self-reports and IATs（implicit association tests）. Two explicit self-reports were put forward by Hunter and Pauley. Hunter used the risk perception-other measure and risk perceptionself measure to assess the risk perception of pilots. The CWS（Cochran-Wsiss-Shanteau） parameter was implemented in Pauley＇s study. IATs were used to investigate pilots＇ risk perception and risk behaviors in some studies. Furthermore, some researchers also applied flight simulators to evaluate the perception of risk. And the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were comparatively discussed in this work.Thirdly, two theoretical orientations about the risk perception of pilots, namely the cognition theory and organizational culture theory were discussed. In the cognition theory, previous works have been summarized, which introduced risk perception to the field of aviation psychology. From the cognitive theory＇s point of view, the researchers have studied the pilots＇ risk perception from the perspective of cognitive process. The situations that presented a high level of risk for one person might present a low risk for the other. According to the results of cognitive psychology study, researchers proposed that the pilots＇ risk perception applied risk-proxies and heuristics. Heuristics are simple rules, often used unconsciously. Pilots often apply mental shorts to evaluate and perceive risk. The organizational culture theory studied the pilots＇ risk perception from the safety point of view. Organizational culture is an organization＇s core values and business model, which refers to the values committed by all staff, behavioral norms, group consciousness, customs and habits. According to the model of aviation safety culture, the outer layer is aviation safety performance, the middle layer is explicit safety attitudes which can be measured directly, the inner layer is implicit safety attitudes which can be evaluated by indirect measurement methods. The outer layer is used to filter risk from the aviation situation, the middle layer is used to evaluate risk, and the inner layer has an effect on pilots＇ risk perception unconsciously. Aviation psychologists proposed that different organizational cultures led to different hazards＇ perceptions and decision-making, and a stronger safety culture could reduce the occurrence of accidents. Finally, future research can explore pilots＇ risk perception from the perspective of cognition and culture. In the theory of cognition, the model proposed in a previous study pointed out that the risk perception of pilots was a three-stage process. However, the model lacked empirical evidence. For future work, researchers should design experiments to explore the process of risk perception. Also, the theory or empirical study of situational awareness and pilots＇ risk perception should be strengthened. With regards to culture, some researchers proposed that the risk perception was different among various cultural environments. In addition, research on social theory（from where the culture originates） and pilots＇ risk perception was not enough. Therefore, the future study should explore the relationship between social theory and pilots＇ risk perception.