脊髓灰质炎疫苗类型及河北省应用现状分析

Analysis on the polio vaccine type and application status in Hebei Province

脊髓灰质炎又称小儿麻痹症,其病原体是肠道脊髓灰质炎病毒,主要经污染的食物、生活用品等通过粪—口途径传播。小儿麻痹症好发于1~5岁儿童,大多数为隐性感染,只有少数感染者因病毒损害脊髓前角运动神经元细胞导致肢体肌肉弛缓性麻痹。1954年脊髓灰质炎灭活疫苗(Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine,IPV)首次出现,1960年脊髓灰质炎口服活疫苗(Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine,OPV)研制成功,我国自1962年使用OPV减毒活疫苗以来,脊髓灰质炎在我国的传播及其发病率得到了有效的控制。但近些年仍有相关脊髓灰质炎野病毒传播的报道,河北省于2016年5月开始实行IPV+OPV的免疫策略,现将脊灰疫苗的相关内容进行简述。

Poliomyelitis also referred to as infantile paralysis,is caused by intestinal poliovirus and mainly transmitted by fecaloral route via polluted food and daily-use articles. It occurs in children aged 1 to 5 years old,most of which are latent infections. Only a minority of the infected will develop flaccid paralysis of the limb muscle due to viral damage to the spinal motor neurons. Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine（IPV） first appeared in 1954. In 1960,the Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine（OPV）was successfully developed. Since 1962,OPV live attenuated vaccine has been used in our country,the spread of poliomyelitis in China and its incidence have been effectively controlled. But in recent years,there have been reports of the spread of wild polioviruses. Hebei Province began implementing the IPV＋OPV immunization strategy in May 2016. This paper will make a brief introduction about the features of OPV and IPV as well as their application.