论长江三峡地质灾害后的江流与航道变迁——以1896年云阳县兴隆滩的滑坡灾害为中心

The Influence of Geologic Hazards on Waterway Transportation in Three Gorges Area of the Yangtze River——A Case Study of Landslide in Xinglong, Yunyang County in 1896

长江三峡的高边坡失稳所导致的崩滑地质灾害常常造成壅江碍航,1896年发生于云阳县境内长江北岸的兴隆滩滑坡使得这里的江流与航道发生了很大的变迁。滑坡前后峡江过水断面对比明显,滑体推入长江,江面南移,河床由宽展变为束狭。滑坡后的峡江航道与流速也已大为不同,原来倚靠南岸的巨石竦峙江心,将河床中分为南、北二漕,江流迅急,涡流成漩,形成滩险。滑坡后的交通形势极为严峻,上、下行的客货船只都必须起驳盘滩,放空而行,并倚赖人力拉纤,虽如此,仍灾情迭现。根据历史文献中的相关地图,可将滑坡后南、北二漕的江流形势与船只上、下行的航线进行清绘和解析。1898年炸滩后,兴隆滩水势险情有所舒缓,但并未完全解决。

Landslides and collapses caused by the high and steep slope instability along the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River often entail obstruction of river and waterway traffic. One landslide occurred in 1896 of late Qing dynasty in Xinglong, Yunyang County at the north shore of the Yangtze river resulted in great changes of its local waters and channels. After landslide sliding into the Yangtze river, Cross-section of river changed dramastically, the surfaced moved south, and the river bed narrowed. Channels and flow velocity also differed since the rocks that used to be at the south bank were pushed to stand at center, dividing the river bed into two streams, creating turbulent rivers, swirling torrents and treacherous shoals. Under the grave traffic condition after the landslide, passenger or cargo vessels for＂up＂line and＂down＂line all had to be unloaded before they Pantan（盘滩） with the help of towing. Even with such measures, disasters were still frequent. The explosion in 1898 eased the gravity of Xinglong rapids, but the problem was not fully resolved.