从“一汽”“一拖”看从美国向苏联再向中国的工业技术转移

STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERED FROM US TO THE SOVIET UNION TO CHINA COMBINED WITH THE CASES OF THE FIRST AUTOMOBILE FACTOR AND THE FIRST TRACTOR MANUFACTURING FACTOR

20世纪50年代由苏联援建的＂156项工程＂是新中国工业发展的奠基石,对新中国的工业化建设和工业建设水平的发展产生了深远的影响。在苏联的援助下,中国逐渐建成了工业体系的雏形,初步构建了较为完整的现代工业体系。工业革命的传播正是通过国家之间的技术转移实现的。从工业革命的传播和世界技术转移背景出发,研究了美国对前苏联的技术输出,以及前苏联对我国工业建设技术转移中的厂区规划和工业建筑设计,通过将＂一汽＂＂一拖＂与美、苏各国典型厂区的对比研究,建立起从美国到苏联,再从苏联到我国工业技术转移的路径关系,为研究工业遗产的保护与再利用提供更广阔的国际视角和详实的历史资料。

In the 1950 s,the＂156 Projects＂aided by the Soviet Union were the cornerstone of industrial development in New China,it had a profound effect on the Chinese industrialization and its development. With the assistance of the Soviet Union,China gradually established the prototype of the industrial system and initially built a relatively complete modern industrial system. The spread of the industrial revolution was achieved through technology transfer between two countries.Based on the background of global technology transfer,the paper studied the aid of construction from the Soviet Union to China and the technology transfer from the United States to the Soviet Union in the industrial construction field. By comparing The First Automobile Factory and The First Tractor Manufacturing Factory with the typical factory complexes in the United States and the Soviet Union for planning and industrial buildings design,the study established the path of industrial technology transtered from the United States to the Soviet Union,and from the Soviet Union to China,in order to provide systematic historical data for the study of industrial heritage protection and reuse.