闻谥知行:清代百官谥字分析

One's Conduct was Known by His Posthumous Title:Analysis of the Officials' Posthumous Titles in the Qing Dynasty

谥法是古代中国一项非常重要的政治制度。其中,官谥——统治者为官员赐谥,更属谥法之大宗。清代统治者在参酌前代的基础上,重新制定出符合本朝特色的谥法典制——《鸿称通用》,并在长时段内为不同品级的满、汉官员赐谥。谥字是清代官谥中最为核心的部分。在官方认知体系下,谥字、谥义与谥主生平相结合,从而使官谥达到"闻谥知行"的基本目的。当然,清代官谥背后的诸多政治、文化意蕴,也凸显出了清帝治官临民的价值理念。

Regulations for posthumous titles were an important political system in ancient China,of which official posthumous title given by the rulers was the most important. The officials＇ Shi Hao given by the ruler was the most important part of Shi Fa. On the basis of referring to the former dynasties,the rulers of the Qing Dynasty reformulated a law of posthumous titles-Hong Cheng Tong Yong,which was in line with the characteristics of the dynasty and based on which posthumous titles were granted to different officials of Han and Man nationalities in a long period of time. Posthumous title,combined with its connotation and the life experience of the holder of the title,successfully achieved the effect of knowing one＇s conduct through his posthumous title in the official cognitive system. Of course,the political and cultural implications behind the official posthumous titles also highlighted the value concept concerning emperor governing his officials and people.