土司承袭制度中国家治理的影响

The Impact of Chieftain Inheriting System on National Governing

土司承袭制度是土司制度的核心内容之一,它对于元明清中央王朝治理土司地区发挥过积极作用。第一,土司承袭制度的制度化,维护了土司地区的社会稳定;第二,土司承袭制度的法治化,确保了土司制度的顺利实施;第三,土司承袭制度的差异化,坚持了土司地区的"因俗而治"。无可否认的是,中央王朝在治理土司地区的过程中存在着诸多问题:一是帝国制度左右摇摆,动摇土司对王朝认同;二是朝廷命官无所作为,导致地方土司无所适从;三是各地土司争袭不断,危害土司地区社会稳定。这些问题在一定程度上也造成了不良的社会影响。当土司政权频繁发生冒袭、夺袭和争袭事件,且给土司地区各族民众带来深重的灾难时,这不仅促使中央政府对土司及土司地区控制的加强,且导致一些土司因冒袭、夺袭和争袭而加速了中央政府改土归流的历史进程。

dThe inheing system of Chieftain is one of the core core contents of chieftain system,whish played a very important role in governing the chiegtain areas duting Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties.Firstly,the institionalization of the inheritng system maintained the social stability of the local arreara;Secondly,the legalization of it ensured the successful practice of chieftain system; Thirdly, the differentiation of the inheriting system kept the governing according to the local customs.Undoubtedly,many problems existed during the ptocess of ruling by the central government for the teasons that,Empire was not steady that influenced the chieftains＇recognition about the central power,the second reason is that the appionted officers from the central government did nothing which resulted the local officials were at a loose end,the third reason is that the conflction is that the conflictions among chiegftaing happened frequently,which threghtened the soclal stability of local areas.All these troubles had a very bad impact on the society there.When the conflictions among chiegtains happened that brought great disasters to the local people thet not ony mase the central government to enforce the ruling on chiegtains but alsoaccelerated the prosess of bureaucratization of native officers.