从网络造词看构式的表层形式、深层形式及认知推演

Surface Form,Deep Form and Cognitive Derivation of Netspeak Constructions

本文认为,同目前构式语法所做的大多数研究一样,很多时候我们可以只针对所见到的构式表层进行直接描述,如对"大衣哥"和"低头族"这样的命名型网络新词给出[X-H]N←→[具有X特征的H]命名这样的构式形态学(Booij,2010)表征,对"高大上"和"喜大普奔"这样的首字缩写构式可以给出[I1I2…In]←→[SEM词1+SEM词2+…+SEM词n]惯用语构式形态学表征等。这些词语的结构直接对应语义,没有经过多少演化,我们称这类词语为"表层构式词语",它们符合Goldberg(2006)所提出的"表层总结假设"(SGH)。然而,的确还有一些词语是经过演变的,比如省略型词语"网购","蜗居"和"秒杀",它们的产生及解读都需要有一个从底层到表层多个抽象级别的构式之间的认知推演,包括突显和背景化。当然,这里的认知推演和Chomsky学派的句法推演或转换有着本质差别。只有承认认知推演及深层构式的存在才能解释某些复杂词语的生成,可以找出很多表面不尽相同词语的共同根源,增强当前只研究表层显性结构的构式语法的描述力和解释力。

Very often,we can generalize the morphological constructions(Booij,2010) of particular words directly,like most of the current construction grammar researches do.For instance,we can generalize naming constructions just from such webwords as da yi ge and di tou zu as[X-H]N ← →[Hfeaturing X]naming,acronym constructions just from gao da.shang and xi da.pu.ben as [I1 I2...In]← →[SEM word1+ SEM word2+...+ SEM wordn]idiom.We call this type of words 'surface construction words',because the surface form of their constructions correspond directly to their semantic contents without obvious derivation,supporting Goldberg's(2006) surface generalization hypothesis(SGH).Nevertheless,some words do come through derivations,such as the elliptical type of words like wang gou,wo ju,and miao sha,the coinage and interpretation of which take cognitive derivations including profiling and backgrounding,among constructions of various degrees of abstraction,from bottom to surface.Only with the conception of deep construction and cognitive derivation can we explain the coinage of some complex words as well as find the common roots of some seemingly different words.