并系继嗣与婚姻联盟:列维-斯特劳斯的家屋研究及其政治学思想

Cognatic Descent and Marital Alliance:Lévi-Strauss's Study of House and Politics

列维-斯特劳斯提出"家屋社会"之后,人类学的亲属制度领域拓展出了更为广阔的理论空间。实际上,列维-斯特劳斯研究家屋问题的逻辑出发点在于他对近亲通婚的论述,关涉其中的乱伦与道德困境成为了探究家屋社会并系制度产生的出发点。本文将重新回顾列维-斯特劳斯的家屋与亲属制度研究文献,试图在众多婚姻联盟与并系继嗣的民族志材料中呈现他的政治学理论构想。此外,本文还将关注列维-斯特劳斯在亲属制度研究中的转变,从他基于语言学或音位学形成的联姻理论、亲属关系基本结构与非基本结构来理解家屋社会的政治内涵。人类学关于政治起源的问题已经在莫斯礼物交换构建的联盟关系中找到了部分答案,而列维-斯特劳斯家屋研究中的政治学思想则是解答这一问题的另一把钥匙。

By reviewing Lévi-Strauss＇ s research on house and kinship,this paper attempts to point out that his discussion of the house is based on moral dilemma of consanguineous marriage,and the house originated in a structural state where political interests tend to invade the kinship field. In Lévi-Strauss＇ s articles,large number of ethnographic accounts on marriage alliance and cognatic system,from Polynesia,Melanesia,Africa,and Indonesia,have already revealed his political thought,and also the transition from early marital theory based on linguistics to the politics of complex kinship system. The theory of house and the alliance among tribes through gift exchange from The Gift by Marcel Mauss are all important topics for anthropology to explore the genesis of politics while Lévi-Strauss also provides part answer to it.