试论陶渊明的孤独叙事

A Discussion of Tao Yuanming's Solitary Narration

世人多以冲淡平和的标尺来评述陶渊明及其诗文创作,这在一定程度上是误读,或者说是一种选择性传释。细读陶氏诗文不难发现,其中满是孤独之意象和寂寥的情思。可以说,孤独几乎成了陶渊明一种叙事方式。陶氏的孤独寂寞之感深源于其儒家士大夫的思想底色。陶氏诗文中的孤独叙事,不是未能勘破生死而对生命短暂的恐惧,实为渴望有所建树的士大夫们所常有的那种功业不成的人生悲叹。从屈原到阮籍、左思,到陶渊明、鲍照,再到陈子昂、李白、杜甫,甚至可以到宋代欧阳修、苏轼、陆游等诗人那里,都能显现这样一种情态。

People tend to study Tao Yuanming’s poems and essays from the perspective of tranquility and inner peace, which is sort of a misinterpretation, or rather an understanding out of personal option. A careful study of Tao’s poems and essays may well reveal that these works are full of images and sentiments of solitude and loneliness. It is true to say that solitude is virtually Tao Yuanming’s mode of narration. Tao’s sense of solitude is deeply rooted in his basic ideas as a Confucian scholar. The solitary narration in Tao’s works stems not from his fear of transient life and the bewilderment over life and death, but from the scholar-offcials’ common lament over the failure to make achievements. Such feelings exist among scholars throughout the times, and typical examples include Qu Yuan, Ruan Ji, Zuo Si, Tao Yuanming, Bao Zhao, Chen Ziang, Li Bai, Du Fu, and Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Lu You in the Song Dynasties.