Breakthrough Technologies for the Biorefining of Organic Solid and Liquid Wastes

有机固液废弃物包含大量能量、养分和水分,不应仅视其为废物。数十年来,人们一直对城市固体废物进行回收、堆制和燃烧,并从中提取能量和有价值的物质。污水的首要管理策略是治理和排放。随着技术的进步,通过新方法使利用固体废物和废水成为可能。考虑到废物特殊的化学、物理和生物性质,需要整合多种技术以使废物的能量和价值回收最大化。为此,生物炼制是完全利用废物中的能量和价值的一个合适的方法。研究证明,不可回收废弃物和生物固体可通过不同方法转化为可利用的热能、电能、燃料和化学品,并且液体废物或能帮助农作物和藻类的成长,为能量回收和食物生产提供不同的选择。本文针对有机固液废物提出新型生物炼制方案,这些废物来源于城市废料、食品和生物加工厂以及动物生产设施。四大新型突破性科技——真空辅助高温厌氧消化、扩展鱼菜共生系统、含油废物经甘油裂解制取生物柴油和微波辅助热化学转化,均可运用于生物炼制方案中,从而成功将废物转化,用以生产化学品、化肥、能量(沼气、合成气、生物柴油和生物油)、食物、饲料,得到干净的水并显著减少污染物的排放。

Organic solid and liquid wastes contain large amounts of energy, nutrients, and water, and should not be perceived as merely waste. Recycling, composting, and combustion of non-recyclables have been practiced for decades to capture the energy and values from municipal solid wastes. Treatment and disposal have been the primary management strategy for wastewater. As new technologies are emerging, alternative options for the utilization of both solid wastes and wastewater have become available. Considering the complexity of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of these wastes, multiple technologies may be required to maximize the energy and value recovery from the wastes. For this purpose, biorefin- ing tends to be an appropriate approach to completely utilize the energy and value available in wastes. Research has demonstrated that non-recyclable waste materials and bio-solids can be converted into usable heat, electricity, fuel, and chemicals through a variety of processes, and the liquid waste streams have the potential to support crop and algae growth and provide other energy recovery and food production options. In this paper, we propose new biorefining schemes aimed at organic solid and liquid wastes from municipal sources, food and biological processing plants, and animal production facilities. Four new breakthrough technologies-namely, vacuum-assisted thermophilic anaerobic digestion, extended aquaponics, oily wastes to biodiesel via glycerolysis, and microwave-assisted thermochemical conversion-can be incorporated into the biorefining schemes, thereby enabling the complete utilization of those wastes for the production of chemicals, fertilizer, energy （biogas, syngas, biodiesel, and bio-oil）, foods, and feeds, and resulting in clean water and a significant reduction in pollutant emissions.