北京市典型养老院春季室内空气污染物分布特征与暴露水平

Characteristics and exposure levels of indoor air pollutants in typical nursing homes in Beijing in spring

目的探讨北京市典型养老院春季室内空气污染特征与暴露水平。方法于2015年4—6月检测北京市两家典型养老院A(已建)、B(新建)内多个功能区的室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的浓度,调查养老院建筑的基本情况和老年人的活动规律,并计算老年人在养老院内的空气污染物日平均暴露水平。结果养老院B各区域的空气污染物浓度和日均暴露水平均高于养老院A,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。养老院A的室内空气污染物均符合GB/T 18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》的要求,而养老院B空气中的甲醛和TVOC浓度超标严重,其最高浓度分别为标准值的5.65倍和1.73倍;康复中心的甲苯浓度超标,其他区域的苯和甲苯浓度均不超标;二甲苯的超标率为77%。养老院A和B的各个功能区污染程度分别为卧室>公共卫生间>康复中心>休息室、卧室>公共卫生间>休息室>康复中心。老年人对养老院A空气中苯的日均暴露水平最低,为4.50μg/m3;对养老院B空气中TVOC的日均暴露水平最高,为57.84μg/m3。结论春季北京市典型养老院室内环境存在一定程度的空气污染,新建养老院老年人甲醛和TVOC的日均暴露水平较高。

Objective To investigate the characteristics and exposure level of indoor air pollutants of typical nursing homes in Beijing in spring. Methods Two typical nursing homes（NH）, NH-A（built for six years）, NH-B（built for two years）, in Beijing were selected in 2015 for the determination of concentrations of indoor formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene and TVOC from April to June. The basic information of nursing homes was investigated, as well as the avtivity-patterns of elderly, based on which the exposure level of indoor air pollutants among elderly were calculated. Results The concentrations and human exposure levels of indoor air pollutants in each section of NH-B were significantly higher than those in NH-A（P〈0.05）. In NH-A,the concentrations of indoor air pollutants were lower than standard limits. In NH-B, concentrations of formaldehyde and TVOC exceeded the standard limits, the highest concentrations of which were 5.65 times and 1.73 times as high as the standard limits respectively; Each section presented qulified levels of indoor benzene and toluene, except rehabilitation center with higher concentration of indoor benzene exceeding the standard; Xylene showed over standard rate of 77%. The indoor air pollution level of each section ranked as follows, bedroom 〉toilet 〉rehabilitation center 〉lounge in NH-A, and in NH-B,bedroom〉toilet〉lounge〉rehabilitation center. The daily exposure levels reached the lowest for indoor benzene（4.50 μg/m3） in NH-A, the highest for TVOC（57.84 μg/m3） in NH-B. Conclusion The investigated typical nursing homes present indoor air pollution in a degree,especially those newly built with higher exposure levels of formaldehyde and TVOC in spring in Beijing.