清水江林业契约文书中“股”之形式及其特征

Research on the Formation and Characteristics of “Shares” in the Forestry Contractual Documents in Qinshui River

清至民国时期清水江流域林业生产契约中,有大量关于"股"的文书,可见"股"在当时已经是比较成熟的概念,这成为理解清水江流域林业生产的关键词之一。目前关于清水江"股"的研究文章,大多是从林地产权性质出发的,只有极少数涉及到"股"自身的结构特征。本文通过对清水江林业契约文书中"股"的考察,认为"股"在清水江林业生产中的最早出现,并非如有的研究者所认为那样,是伴随乾隆时期人工营林的佃山方式所至而产生,实际上早在乾隆之前的清水江林地买卖契中,就已经有"股"的出现。清水江林业契约中存在复杂的"股中股"或"多重股"的现象,反映出清水江林业生产中地权分配的多样性,这一特征或许就是清水江流域林业生产区别于徽州或闵北林业生产的地域性特征之一。

From Qing Dynasty to the Period of the Republic of China, there are a large number of＂shares＂ in the Forestry Contractual Documents in the Basin of Qinshui River, which is one of the key words to understand forestry production. At present, amomg the research articles on the＂shares＂, most starting from the property right of forest land, while only a few involve the structural characteristics of the＂shares＂. Through investigating contract documents＂shares＂, this paper considers that＂shares＂firstly appeared in the forestry production which is not associated with the rent-lands way as some researchers thinking. In fact, before Qianlong Period, ＂shares＂already appeared in forest land trade documents. These complex＂share in shares＂or＂multiple shares＂phenomenon reflecting diversity in distribution of land ownership. This feature may be one of the regional features of the forestry production among Qingshui River, Huizhou and North Fujian forestry production