作为义务的自由——俄罗斯宗教哲学语境中的自由思想之管见

Freedom as Obligation:A Glimpse of Liberal Thinking in the Context of Russian Religious Philosophy

由于受西方启蒙思想的影响,人们对自由的理解更偏重于它的权利面相,然而,自由的涵义是丰富的,不同的民族由于民族性格和思想传统的差异,对自由及其实现路径的理解有很大的差别。在俄罗斯思想家那里,自由更多地与人的内在命运和本质联系在一起,更多地是一项人之为人而不得不履行的沉重义务。本文从自由的义务面相问题在陀思妥耶夫斯基那里的突显入手,依次梳理这一问题在别尔嘉耶夫和伊里因思想中的发展脉络,呈现自由在俄罗斯思想史中获得的理论阐释,揭示其不同于权利面相的义务面相,并由此展现出一个思考自由问题的独特视角。

Due to the influence of Western Enlightenment,people's understanding of freedom is more focused on its implication of rights. However,the meaning of freedom is rich. Because of differences in national character and ideological tradition,different nationalities have different understandings of freedom and the path of its realization. Among Russian thinkers,freedom is more associated with the inherent destiny and nature of human beings,and more of a heavy obligation that a person has to perform. This paper starts from Dostoevsky's emphasis on the obligatory implication of freedom,tracks its development in the thoughts of Berdyaev and Ivan Ilyin,and arrays the theoretical interpretations of freedom in the history of Russian thought. By showing how the obligatory implication of freedom is different from the rights implication,it is hoped that a unique perspective on the issue of freedom will obtain.