“天下观”的移转与秦隋间“都官”的变迁

Changes Taking in Idea of All-under-Heaven and Duguan from Qin down to Sui

本文以都官的变迁为线索,展示了"观念的力量"与制度变迁的互动关系。由名与实共同组成的制度嵌入作为整体的制度体系之中,其变化有待于"观念的力量"与皇权的推动,从而显示出一定的轨迹。秦代统治者从作为一方诸侯之"家"的场域出发,试图以"公天下"的方式整合大一统的国家。经过两汉家天下与私天下的形态后,由"共天下"而再次走向"公天下"。"都官"亦经历了一个类似的轮回:秦汉之际的都官是行政指向的的中央派出机构,具有"公"的色彩;从汉代开始,"私天下"的色彩日重,作为皇帝耳目与爪牙的监察系统日渐发达,司隶校尉和刺史在职能上替代了都官;隋重铸一统帝国,"公天下"成为精英阶层的主流认识,官制改革又使都官再次走向"公"。

Digging into the history of Duguan,or the Minister of Justice,the present author sheds light on the interaction between the conceptual power and the institutional change.The change of institution depended on the monarchical and conceptual power.In this sense,the institutional change transmigrated from the creation of a united empire,wherein the pre-imperial dukes’private principalities were integrated and reorganized into a uniform country and Duguan was created in the public interest,to the two Han dynasties’privatization of all-under-heaven,and finally down to the re-creation of a uniform empire.In the same vein,Duguan began as a public office designated by the Qin administration,then became a private tool of Han emperors,and finally regained the public nature in Sui.