黄土旱塬垄膜沟播小麦产量及土壤微生物量对施肥的响应

Response of winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass to fertilization with ridge mulching-furrow planting in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau

垄膜沟播是黄土旱塬麦田一种典型种植方式,覆膜条件下不同肥料肥效及其对微生物群落结构的影响均不同.在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,通过2年大田试验系统分析传统农户施肥（FF）、监控施肥（MF）、监控施肥配施有机肥（MFM）和监控施肥配施生物有机肥（MFB）4种施肥措施对冬小麦产量形成及土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷的影响.结果表明,通过优化平衡施肥可显著提高黄土旱塬冬小麦产量,其中MFB处理籽粒产量最高,达4 107-5 400 kg/hm^2,较FF处理高14.5%-23.2%（P〈0.05）.不同施肥措施主要通过影响成穗数来影响冬小麦的产量形成,对冬小麦穗粒数和千粒重影响均不显著.土壤微生物量受冬小麦生育期进程和施肥措施共同影响,其中微生物量碳在拔节期至扬花期最高,微生物量氮、磷均在拔节期达最高值.不同生育期间土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷的变化率总体在50%以下,而优化施肥措施对土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷的平均贡献率则可达90%.配施生物有机肥或配施有机肥较单施化肥可显著提高冬小麦生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷,但MFM和MFB处理间的土壤微生物碳和氮差异不显著,而MFB处理由于混合磷细菌的作用,其土壤微生物量磷较MFM处理高19.8%-47.1%（P〈0.05）.各处理土壤微生物量碳氮比和碳磷比分别在6.9-9.8和14.4-41.0,且均在冬小麦扬花期达最大值.综上所述,在黄土旱塬垄膜沟播种植条件下,通过监控施肥配施生物有机肥可有效提高冬小麦产量和土壤微生物量.

As the typical planting pattern of winter wheat in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau, ridge mulching-furrow planting（RMFP） has played an important role in fertilizer efficiency of different fertilizers, and the differences in fertilizer efficiency further influence the diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities. The effects of different fertilization practices on winter wheat yield formation, soil microbial biomass carbon（SMBC）, soil microbial biomass nitrogen（SMBN）, and soil microbial biomass phosphorus（SMBP） were investigated by field experiments during 2014-2016 in the winter wheat growing region of the dry highlands in southern Shanxi. The treatments included four groups, farmer fertilization（FF）, monitoring fertilization（MF）, monitoring fertilization combined application of manure（MFM）, and monitoring fertilization combined application of bio-organic fertilizer（MFB）. Results showed a significant increase in winter wheat yield by optimized and balanced fertilization, and the grain yield of MFB was highest among all treatments, with a value of 4 107-5 400 kg/hm^2,which was 14.5%-23.2%（P〈0.05） higher than that of FF. The effects of different fertilization treatments on the winter wheat yield formulation mainly depended on spike number; however, no effect was found on kernel number per spike and 1 000-grain weight. Soil microbial biomass was affected by both growth period and fertilization patterns, i.e., the content of SMBC from jointing to flowering stage was highest during the winter wheat growth period, whereas the maximum values of SMBN and SMCP were found during the jointing stage. Changes in the rates of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP during the entire growth period were less than 50%; however, the average contribution rate of optimized fertilization on SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP reached 90%. Compared to single chemical fertilizer applications, the combined application chemical fertilizer and manure or bio-organic fertilizer significantly improved the contents of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP; however, the contents of SMBC and SMBN between MFM and MFB had no significant difference, whereas the SMBP of MFB was 19.8%-47.1%（P〈0.05） higher than that of MFM owing to the effect of mixed phosphorus bacteria. The soil microbial biomass C/N and C/P of the different treatments were 6.9-9.8 and 14.4-41.0, respectively, and maximum values occurred during the flowering stage. Given the above,the combined application of reasonable chemical fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer can effectively improve the winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass under RMFP cultivation in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau.