古希腊文明“突破”的初始因素及主要方向

The Initial Factors and Main Directions of “Breakthroughs” in Ancient Greek Civilization

本文从＂突破性＂视野来考察古希腊文明,剖析其＂突破＂的初始因素及主要方向。古希腊文明的第一个＂突破＂始于城邦的建立,城邦是地理狭小及海外移民的必然结果。接着,受海洋地理与城邦生活因素的影响,贸易经济形成了,这可以说是古希腊文明所发生的第二个＂突破＂。再进一步,迁徙过程与城邦生活又导致氏族共同体的解体和城邦共同体的形成,这可以说是古希腊的第三个＂突破＂。而伴随着城邦共同体的建立及政治制度的改革,民主政治产生了,这可以说是古希腊的第四个重大＂突破＂。同时,城邦制度与民主政治的一个重要体现或成果就是法律的形成,即国家行为不再是取决于个人意志,而是取决于法律条文,这是古希腊所取得的第五个＂突破＂。在此过程中,以城邦生活和民主制度为基础,古希腊特别是雅典又出现了一个崭新的概念：公民,亦即人从集权制度下的臣民变为民主制度下的公民,这便是古希腊所取得的第六个＂突破＂。其中,特殊的地理环境作为初始性因素是绝对不应被忽视的,因为它既是基础性的,也是决定性的,如果没有这一因素,也就没有其余方面。

This paper examines the ancient Greek civilization from the perspective of ＂breakthrough＂, and analyzes its initial factors and main directions of ＂breakthrough＂. Generally speaking, there are six breakthroughs. The first is that city states were established. The second is that the trade economy came into being. The third is that the process of migration and the life of the city led to the disintegration of the clan community and the formation of the city-state community. The fourth is that democracy came into being. The fifth is that law was formed. The sixth is that people turned from subjects under centralized system to citizens under democratic system. Among them, the special geographical environment as an initial factor should never be ignored, because it is both fundamental and decisive, and without this factor, there would be no other aspects.