黔中安顺屯堡聚落防御体系研究

Research on the Spatial Defense System of Anshun Tunpu, Central Guizhou

最初的安顺屯堡是明初"调北征南"的军事产物,经过了明清六百年的发展,广泛的屯堡区域逐渐形成。无论是初期的官方戍守还是后期的村落自保,由于周边形势的复杂不稳定与战乱的多发,防御性一直是屯堡聚落营建的重要考量因素。本文通过对数十个屯堡聚落的踏勘以及对典型聚落的调研测绘,对安顺屯堡聚落防御体系进行了研究。首先从各类聚落的选址特点分析了聚落的防御性;其次详细论述了山水、寨墙寨门、巷道、院落民居、碉楼、"坉"等几种防御要素;最后,从区域层面到聚落层面研究分析了以防御性为主的聚落整体空间格局,并依据营建时间和选址的不同产生的聚落空间格局差异将屯堡聚落分为就地驻守而形成的类军营型、迁至依山傍水之地的据险而居型、迁居各自营建的多院成堡型以及避难山顶的由坉成村型四种典型类型。

The original Tunpu of Anshun is the outcome of a series of military policies in early Ming dynasty. In the 600 years’ development and evolution, current Tunpu region is gradually formed. Owing to complexity and instability of the surrounding situation and the wars, defensiveness has become an important factor in the construction of Tunpu settlements all the time. In this paper, it focuses on the defense system of Tunpu settlements in Anshun through field survey on tens of villages. Firstly, it makes an analysis on defensiveness of different settlements in the perspective of f eld selection. Secondly, this paper discusses several defensive factors, which contains mountains, rivers, walls and gates of villages, aisles, courtyards, watchtowers, “Tun”, etc. Lastly, it analyzes the spatial patterns of defensive settlements from regional level to settlement level, then divides these Tunpu settlements into 4 typical types on the basis of the construction time and location selection. The types are following four： the barrack-like formed on site, the residence sited against danger and by the mountain and river, the villge consisting of courtyards built by each family and the “tun” sited on the mountaintop for refuge.