技性科学发展的社会规范问题探讨

On the Problem of Social Norms of the Development of Technoscience

当代科学的发展深刻地改变了科学与社会的关系,技性科学的时代已经到来。科学与社会需要形成新的契约关系:社会应当给予科学活动更加全面的支持,科学共同体应当给予社会负责任的研究成果,科学成果及其应用的评价应该由扩展的科学—社会共同体来完成。默顿规范对于科学工作者的崇高的精神追求仍有积极意义,但它未涉及扩大的科学—社会共同体以及知识产权等问题,具有时代的局限性;爱丁堡学派利益分析纲领对科学研究活动的描述性分析坠入了相对主义的陷阱,无法为技性科学活动提供合理的规范;只有实现理想主义科学观和功利主义科学观的有机整合,才能为技性科学发展的社会规范重建提供可靠的理论基础。适应技性科学发展的社会规范应当包含反思性、创新性、民主性和道德性等四方面内容,它不仅仅是对科学家的个人道德自律和伦理约束,而且应当成为扩大的科学—社会共同体的行为准则。

The development of modern science has profoundly changed the relationship between science and society, and the era of technoscience has arrived. Science and society need to form a new social contract： scientific activities should be given more comprehensive support, the scientific community should produce research results of social responsibility, and evaluation of scientific achievements and its application should be completed by the extended social-scientific community. Merton rules are still of positive significance for the lofty spirit of the pursuit of scientific workers, but it does not involve the problem of expanding scientific and social community and intellectual property rights, with the limitations of the times. The descriptive analysis of interests of the Edinburgh school framework on scientific research activities fall into the trap of relativism, and cannot provide a reasonable standard for technoscience activity. Organic integration of the idealist view of science and the utilitarianist view of science provides a reliable theoretical basis for the reconstruction of social norms of technoscience. The social norms of development of technoscience should contain four aspects of introspection, innovation, democracy and moral content. They are not only the individual moral and ethical constraints of scientists, but should also become the criterion of conduct of the expanded scientific-social community.