未遂的认定与故意行为危险

Confirmation of Attempt and Danger of Intentional Actions

未遂犯的判断重心在于行为不法。判断行为不法,必须重视主观不法。故意是主观不法要素。故意行为危险具有目的性与支配性,过失行为危险具有任意性与盲目性。考察未遂犯,重点在于考察故意行为危险的创设、发展及实现。在危险创设阶段,一方面,着手决意应具有现实性,实行意向不等于着手决意。另一方面,着手决意应具有确定性。承认着手决意与实行决意的分离,可以妥当处理"以不确定事实为基础的决意"案件。在危险发展阶段,着手决意不要求具有坚定性,但"保留中止的决意"案件不构成中止。在危险实现阶段,故意行为危险所成就的因果关系具有确定性,过失行为危险所成就的因果关系具有盲目性。对二者不能等而视之。结果归属的条件是故意行为危险现实化为构成要件结果,依此可以妥当解决结果的提前实现问题。

Illegal practice is the key to judge an attempted crime. Nevertheless, the illegality of the subjective elements should be considered when judging delict malfeasance. The criminal intent is subjec- tive elements. The danger of intentional action has aim and dominative motivation; while the danger of the negligent act is arbitrary and aimless. To examine an attempted crime, the danger of intentional ac- tion must first be investigated through three stages： planning and creating, developing, and accom- plished. At the stage of planning and creating a danger, an intention is not equal to commencing on in- tent, which should be a reality; second, commencing on intent should be a certainty. Recognizing the difference between commencing on intent and implementing intent can deal with the case of ＂decision- making based on uncertain fact＂ more properly.At the stage of developing a danger, implementing intent does not require determination, but ＂having an idea of suspension when implementing intent＂ does not constitute a suspension of implementing. At the stage of accomplishing a danger, causation created by the danger of intentional act is certain, while causation caused by negligent act is uncertain-these two issues should be differentiated from each other; moreover, the condition of attributing a result to a crime is that the actualized danger of intentional act should become the result of constitutive elements.