冷谦律与明代礼乐更制的雅俗之争——兼议元明复古(乐)思潮的南北消长

The Conflicts between Elegance and Vulgarity: Leng Qian Prosody and the Changes of Rites and Music in the Ming Dynasty

文学复古思潮实与经学领域里的复古乐思潮相表里。如果说,有明文学以宋濂为始,乐学则以冷谦为始。宋濂等人对冷谦的推许,直接体现了当时士夫锐意复古,必得太古元音以正天下的乐学主张;表现在文学领域里,便是推崇诗三百诗乐相和的自然之音,宋濂更直接标榜诗三百以下无诗。然而,洪武制作最终绍继金元之统,以北音正天下,宋濂与冷谦最终一死一遁,冷谦律亦日益湮没。正嘉之后,复古乐思潮再次兴起,一时明廷究竟是袭用大晟律还是冷谦新律始聚讼不已;论其实质,正是对北宋灭亡以来,甚至唐玄宗大立教坊以来,乐音俗变暨相关改制的重新审视;相应也是对北宋灭亡以来音声南北嬗变的重构,而直接呼应了当时文学复古思潮的南北嬗变。

Like the exterior and interior relations, the retro thoughts trend in literature shared a mutual interdependence with the retro trend on music in Confucian classicism. Song Lian initiated the literature of Ming while Leng Qian pioneered the musicology correspondingly. Song Lian and his followers＇ esteem for Leng Qian directly represented the retro thoughts of contemporary scholar-officials and their musicology ideas to reform the world with ancient music. In terms of literature, they canonized the harmony of music and poetry exemplified in The Book of Songs and Song Lian further denied the validity of poetry afterwards. Eventually the Hongwu ruling period （1368 -1398 ） saw a restoration of order with northern music, which was a legacy of the Jin and Yuan dynasties. And then Song Lian was sentenced to death by the emperor and Leng Qian became secluded, leaving his prosody to fade out. The retro thoughts trend on music revived after the Zhengde （ 1491 - 1521 ） and Jiajing （ 1507 - 1566 ） periods with recurrent debates on the Da Sheng prosody and Leng Qian prosody. The phenomenon actually was a re-examination of the popularizing process and changes related to music after the fall of the Northern Song dynasty （ 960 - 1127 ） , even after Emperor Xuanzong in the Tang dynasty （618 -907 ） , who had promoted greatly the imperial music academy. Meanwhile, it was also the restructuring of Northern and Southern music after the Song dynasty, corresponding with the retro thoughts in literature in the North and South at the time.