城中之城:超大社区的空间生产与治理风险

The City within a City: Space Production and Governance Risks of Large Communities

近三十年来,一大批人口多、规模大的超大社区在中国城市横空出世,成为事实上的"城中之城"。超大社区在转移大量人口的同时,也使得城市风险郊区化、集中化。由于超大社区往往人口聚集、住商混合、人车交汇,因而常常面临硬质空间拥堵、柔质空间不足、外部空间隔离的"空间风险",安全事故频发、人身财产受损的"安全风险",业主与市场组织矛盾、居委会与基层政府职责超载、长期发展"贫民窟化"的"治理风险"。从背后的机制来看,超大社区从建设到治理的全过程,伴随了城市权利的重新配置,突出表现为城市政府与市场组织对城市发展的影响。随着利益目标的调整,二者的关系呈现出"V字形"变化趋势:在开发建设期,二者基于共同利益形成"政商联盟"关系;风险增多之后,二者出于成本分担的考虑"联盟关系松动";一旦风险达到"临界点",二者又会因为共同的维稳目标实现"二次联盟"关系。城市政府一定要避免再上马类似的超大社区项目,摆正与市场的关系,把"被置身于外"的居民纳入共同治理的视野,将城市整体可持续发展放在重要位置,保障城市居民的城市权利。

In the past three decades,a number of large communities relying on the elevators and the expansion of automobiles have been built in China.These communities with large populations and large scales have become the city within a city.Large communities transfer large numbers of people while also making urban risks situated and centralized in suburbs.Large communities often face various types of risks such as spatial risks,safety risks and governance risks.The spatial production of large communities is a product of the government-business alliance to a certain extent.If a large number of people especially the risks increased,the alliance would begin to loosen,but once they faced the＂critical point＂of risk-free control,the two actors would cooperate again.The urban government must avoid launching similar large community projects again,position itself in the relationship with the market and protect urban residents＇rights well in cities.