对共犯的正当防卫:法理基础与解释进路

Justifiable Defense on Accomplices:Legal Basis and Path of Explain

基于二元的结果无价值·行为无价值论立场,应当认为正当防卫的依据在于其保护了更为优越的法益。共犯（狭义）的处罚依据应以修正惹起说为指引,之所以处罚共犯是因其唤起犯罪故意而促成了符合犯罪构成要件的行为和违法的行为或对犯罪行为大力予以支持。判断能否对共犯实施正当防卫的关键在于共犯是否对法益侵害（或威胁）起到作用以及对共犯实施防卫是否能够有效切断（或减少）这种法益侵害（＂有效阻却法益侵害说＂）,进而实现保护优越法益的机能（＂优越法益保护说＂）。因此,对共犯正当防卫的根据（基本立场）可以概括为＂有效阻却法益侵害说＂与＂优越法益保护说＂。就对教唆犯的正当防卫而言,能否实施正当防卫的关键是对教唆犯的＂防卫行为＂能否迫使正犯停止或减少侵害行为,从而实现保护优越法益的机能。就对帮助犯的正当防卫而言,对物理的帮助犯实施正当防卫,关键在于正当防卫能否切断这种帮助所带来的法益侵害危险。对心理的帮助犯,原则上不得实施正当防卫。对不作为犯实施正当防卫没有意义。没有必要讨论对中立的帮助行为之正当防卫,因为此时根本就不存在中立的帮助＂犯＂。

In the opinion of two-sided anti-value consequences, the basis of justifiable defense is that it protect the superior legal interests. The basis of punish the accomplices is modified provoking theory,because the accomplices evoke crime intentionally and contributed to meet the requirements of crime constitution and illegal behavior or strongly support on crime. The key of justifiable defense on accomplices is that the implementation of justifiable defense on the accomplices must protect the superior legal interests by the way of cutting off or reducing the legal interests violation or threat. Therefore, the basis of justifiable defense on accomplices have two sides： prevent the violation or threat on the legal interests and protect the superior legal interests. The implementation of justifiable defense on the instigator should force the offender to stop or reduce violations, consequently, protect the superior legal interests.Implement justifiable defense on the ＂Physical＂ accessory should cut off the risk of the law profit violation, which root in the ＂Physical ＂accessory. Usually, we should not implement justifiable defense on the＂mental＂ accessory. It makes no sense to implement justifiable defense on those non-action persons. There is no need to discuss justifiable defense on the neutral accessory,because there is no ＂crime＂.