比例原则的刑法适用及其展开

The Application and Expansion of the Principle of Proportionality in Criminal Law

比例原则包含了适当性、必要性和均衡性三个子原则。作为宪法的基本原则,该原则在刑法领域中的适用具有必要性与可行性。一方面,比例原则与刑法目的和功能、刑法基本原则、刑法制度以及刑法谦抑性理念等刑法具体原则、制度、理念具有共通和契合之处,在刑法中适用该原则不会引发其与刑法价值、目的以及具体制度的冲突。另一方面,该原则在刑法中也有其适用的特殊价值。能对刑法的发展和扩张进行合宪性控制;能从实体价值和方法论上指导刑法的适用;能够促进刑法和宪法之间的良性互动。由于比例原则具有以上特性,该原则在刑事立法和刑事司法中具有重要指导意义。在刑事立法中,比例原则可以指导犯罪圈的划定和刑罚配置,保障刑事立法的正当合理性;在刑事司法中,比例原则为正当防卫的限度提供判断基准、为刑法中概括性规定的解释进行合宪性控制。

The principle of proportionality contains three sub-principles： appropriateness,necessity and balance. As the basic principle of constitution,the application of this principle in the field of criminal law is necessary and feasible. On the one hand,the principle of proportionality is in common with the specific content of criminal law,such as the purpose and function of the criminal law,the basic principles of criminal law,criminal law system as well as the modesty and restraint of criminal law. Applying this principle to criminal law will not lead to conflicts with criminal law value,purpose and specific systems. On the other hand,this principle also has its own special value in criminal law. For example,it can exercise constitutional control over the development and expansion of criminal law. It can guide the application of criminal law in substantive value and methodology. It can promote the positive interaction between criminal law and the constitution. As the principle of proportionality has the above characteristics,this principle has important guiding significance in criminal legislation and criminal justice. For example,in the criminal legislation,it can guide the delineation of criminal circles and the distribution of criminal penalties to guarantee the legitimacy and rationality of criminal legislation. In criminal justice,it provides the structure of judgment for the limit of justifiable defense and the constitutional control over the interpretation of general provision of criminal law.