智能汽车的侵权法问题与应对

The problem of Autonomous Vehicles in Torts Law and the Way to Respond

人工智能对人类驾驶者的替代和取代,消除了人类驾驶者的鲁莽行为,让智能汽车具有显著的社会经济效益,但人工智能对人类的替代导致主体和过错难以认定,对侵权法提出了挑战。侵权法应对的原则在于,一方面需要填补受害人损害,另一方面需要不妨碍新技术的升级和推广。基于此,我国侵权法可做如下应对:放松产品缺陷的判断标准,减轻举证难度,扩大产品质量的适用范围来保护智能汽车交通事故中的受害人,但是,这种扩大,不能推翻产品存在缺陷这一前提;机动车事故应该统一为所有人或者保有人的无过错责任,这样可以解决智能汽车和智能汽车、非智能汽车、非机动车、行人之间的交通事故,不会在智能汽车所可能导致的主体缺失和过错认定等方面产生问题。

The replacement of artificial intelligence with the human driver has eliminated the careless drive of human being, which makes the autonomous vehicle （AV） of great social - economic value. However, the replacement has also made the subject and the negligence hard to determine, which are the challenges to the torts law. The principles to deal with the challenges are： on one hand, the torts law should cover the loss of the victims; on the other hand, the torts law shouldnt hinder the development of innovative technology. Therefore, the torts law could respond as following. Firstly, the products liability could be extended to protect the victims in AV accidents. However, the extension shouldnt across the line that the liability is based on defects. Secondly, the traffic accident liability should change to the strict liability of owner or custodian, which could distribute liability fairly among AV, normal vehicles and pedestrians, and avoid the problems with subjects and negligence.