“泊船祭祀”与“人神互惠”——清代漕运旗丁崇祀文化的规制与功效

“Boating Sacrifice” and “Reciprocity between Gods and Humans”:The Cultural Regulation and Effect of Sacrificial Offering of Soldiers for Grain Transportation in the Qing Dynasty

清代旗丁迫于漕运诉求与运河沿线祭祀等活动的浸染,在群体内部逐渐孕育出独特的崇祀文化。漕船首尾绘制图案,舱内供奉神龛,路遇庙庵亦要焚香祭拜,甚至泊船演戏,以祀神灵。崇祭文化的繁盛,一方面强化旗丁身份与运役,成为其内在特征之一,另一方面也是传统祭祀文化中人神互惠的体现。旗丁泊船祭祀等行为既提供与当地民众交易的契机,又象征性建构人与神灵之间的关系。无论何种形式,旗丁运漕途中的崇祀活动,都传播了籍贯地与运河沿线的风俗习惯,构成内河漕运文化与民间信仰的一部分,也揭示清廷在信仰层面通过重塑国家祭祀体系保证漕运制度正常运转的深意。

Due to the infiltration of demands of grain transportation and sacrificial activities along the canal,the soldiers for grain transport in the Qing Dynasty gradually developed a unique worship culture within their group.Patterns were drawn on the head and the end of the boats,the shrines were worshiped in the cabin.When they met temples,they burned incense,and even stopped the boat to act for the gods.Accordingly,the Qing government had constantly immersed itself in official will by adding temples and sealing the temple of gods.The soldiers for grain transportation advocated the prosperity of the sacrificial culture.On the one hand,it strengthened the identity and service of soldiers for grain transportation and became one of the intrinsic characteristics.On the other hand,it was also an embodiment of the reciprocity of gods and humans in traditional sacrificial culture.The activities such as transporting grain,transporting soldiers,stopping boats and offering sacrifices,not only provided opportunities for dealing with local people,but also symbolized the relationship between human beings and gods.In any form,the worship activities of soldiers for grain transportation had spread the customs and habits of the native place and along the canal,and constituted a part of the inland water transporting culture and folk beliefs,and also revealed the intention of the Qing government to ensure the normal operation of the transport system through the reestablishment of the state's sacrificial system in the belief level.