故宫灵沼轩钢铁构件材质与制作工艺探讨

The Study on the Material Qualities and Making Techniques of the Steel and Iron Structural Components of the Lingzhao Xuan in the Palace Museum

灵沼轩是紫禁城内仅存的清代仿西洋式建筑,现存有金属、砖石、陶瓷等多类构件,其中大量的钢铁质构件用以结构和装饰之用。本文在现场调研与取样的基础上,使用多种仪器分析手段对灵沼轩的32件钢铁样品进行了材质和制作工艺分析,以期对该建筑的保护工作提供科学的数据支持。研究结果表明灵沼轩的钢铁构件可分为砂型铸造的铸铁构件、轧制成型的钢型材和机加工的螺栓螺母三类,这些构件不仅保证了建筑的结构性能,也作为装饰反映了建筑设计师中西合璧的设计理念,同时成为了清末中西方物质交流与当时冶金技术水平的重要物证。

The Lingzhao Xuan （Wondrous Pond Pavilion） is the solitary extant Western-style architecture of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum （Forbidden City）, which is composed of structural parts made of metals, brick and stone, pottery and porcelain, etc. Of them, large amounts of steel and iron parts are used for structural and decorative functions. Based on onsite survey and sampling, this paper analyzed the qualities and making techniques of 32 steel and iron samples with multiple instrumental analysis methods, in order to provide scientific data support for the preservation of this architecture. The results show that the steel and iron parts of Lingzhao Xuan can be classified into cast iron parts made of sand-casting, steel section bars made of rolling and machined screw bolts and nuts. All of these steel and iron parts not only guaranteed the structural functions of this architecture but also reflected the architects＇ designing idea of integrating the Chinese and Western styles, and became important physical evidence for the material interchange between China and the West at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the development of the metallurgical technology at that time.