论梅兰芳与乔蕙兰、陈德霖昆曲的师承关系

On the Mentor-student Relationship between Mei Lanfang and his Mentors

梅兰芳从1914年开始向乔蕙兰一口气学会了三十几出昆曲,并在1915年开始演唱。也是在1914年,20岁的梅兰芳正式拜陈德霖为师,后又长期"问业于陈老夫子(德霖)",直到陈师1930年去世,前后向其学习、问业长达16年之久。"学习"和"问业"显然是不同的,"学习"带有发蒙、直接口传心授的性质,而"问业"则不一定手把手、口对口的传授,而是在观摩陈师演出或演给陈师看后,又得到陈师全面的指点,因而具有解惑、提升的性质。能直接授业的是"业师",能解惑提点的是"导师"。陈德霖是梅兰芳戏曲表演艺术最重要的导师之一。梅兰芳的声腔既学乔师的"娇脆"、陈师的"刚圆",又得之于王瑶卿的"轻脆",而以"平正中和"的"温婉"胜。

In 1914, Mei Lanfang has learned more than 30 Kun Opera repertoires from Qiao Huilan and started to put them on stage since 1915. He also officially took Chen Delin as his teacher from which he had learned for 16 years until Chen Delin passed away in 1930. ＂Learning＂ and ＂studying＂ are two different concepts. ＂Learning＂ means a beginner directly follow the teacher＇s instructions while ＂studying＂ is not necessarily direct leaming from the teacher, but rather the process of inspiration based on observation of the mentor＇s performance or the mentor＇s overall advice after watching the student＇s performance. A student needs both a teacher to learn from, and a mentor for inspirations. Chen Delin is one of Mei Lanfang＇s mentors. Mei Lanfang has leamed from Qiao Huilan＇s ＂clear and sweet＂ voice, from Chen Delin＇s ＂strong and full＂ voice, as well as from Wang Yaoqin＇s ＂soft and clear＂ voice. Mei Lanfang＇s voice, which is gentle and mild, has suroassed these mentors.