对俄语背景者汉语声调习得偏误的实验研究

An experimental study on the errors made by Russian students in learning Chinese tones

研究中采用实验语音学的方法,针对俄罗斯学生学习汉语四个声调的偏误,从调长、调域、调型以及调值等方面进行声学实验分析。实验认为,从调长看,相比于普通话被试,俄罗斯学生的四声调长相对较短;从调域看,其调域相对较低较窄;从调型看,其阳平调调型具有明显"凹"的特征,与上声调型混同较大;从声调格局看,俄罗斯学生阳平和上声调在格局空间中的位置混同较大,其更多地将阳平发成上声。针对以上偏误,从俄语母语负迁移影响、汉语声调的复杂度、汉语声调习得的难度以及学习环境等方面分析了偏误的成因,并有针对性地提出了解决俄罗斯学生汉语四声偏误的对策和方法。

By employing the method of experimental phonetics, the paper attempts to analyze the errors made by Russian students in learning Chinese four tones. The study finds that their tone durations are much shorter than those of Chinese subjects. It also finds that their overall range is relatively narrow and low.In addition,it is clear to see that the contour of tone 2 has the shape of “dent”, which is easily confused with that of tone 3. Furthermore, the paper finds that tone 2 uttered by Russian students takes the value of 113,114 and 213 respectively. In terms of tone pattern, the positions of tone 2 and tone 3 of these Russian students are easily confused, namely, the students usually cannot tell the differences between the two. Accordingly, the paper analyzes the causes of these errors from the aspects of language transfer, Chinese tones＇ complexities, the 4 tones＇ acquisition difficulties as well as the students learning environments. The paper finally suggests some possible strategies and methods of teaching Russian students Chinese four tones.